目前,用于挥发性气体治理的技术主要有生物氧化法[5]、冷凝回收法[6]、燃烧法[7]、吸附法[8]等。生物氧化法的原理是通过微生物的代谢作用,将挥发性气体氧化分解为二氧化碳和水等无害物质的过程,该方法具有环境友好、无二次污染等优势,对水溶性强、易生物降解的低浓度挥发性气体治理效果显著,但是存在周期长、占地面积大、微生物降解速度较慢等局限性[9];冷凝回收法的原理是基于挥发性气体的物理特性,通过调控冷凝器的温度与压力,将挥发性气体冷凝为液态后进行分离回收的物理过程,该技术设备自动化程度较高,但需要的投资较大且能耗成本较高,因此需要综合考虑工艺成本与治理效果等因素[10];燃烧法的原理是在高温下将挥发性气体彻底氧化分解为二氧化碳、水及无机盐等无害气体,能够高效去除难降解的挥发性气体,工艺稳定性强,但其在高温处理过程中易产生二次污染物,如NOx,若挥发性气体不完全燃烧也易产生醛类等有毒中间产物,增加了挥发性气体的治理难度[11];吸附法是利用吸附材料的多孔性,通过物理及化学吸附作用,对挥发性气体进行捕集与分离的治理方式,这种方法效率高、能耗低、工艺简单,兼具高价值挥发性气体回收与废气治理的双重功能,且能够适用于多领域挥发性气体的治理需求,因此吸附法具有较广阔的应用前景[2]。
吸附法被广泛应用于挥发性气体吸附分离领域,其中吸附剂是吸附法分离技术的核心材料,需要兼顾高吸附容量、循环稳定性及低成本等特点[12]。目前,常见的吸附材料类型有活性炭、活性炭纤维(ACF)、沸石分子筛、生物质基吸附材料、金属有机框架(MOFs)及黏土等[13]。活性炭纤维具有较大的比表面积(1 000~3 000 m2/g)、丰富的微孔结构(微孔率占90%以上)、狭窄的孔径分布、丰富的表面官能团(羟基、羧基、羰基等)、可加工的纤维状结构(毡、带、布等)、稳定的化学性质和易于再生等优点,以其独特的物理吸附特性和表面化学结构成为挥发性气体吸附领域的研究热点[14]。然而,在高湿环境下,ACF能够通过氢键作用与水分子产生较强的结合力,呈现出较强的亲水性,导致ACF对挥发性气体的吸附性能显著下降,因此对ACF进行疏水改性成为突破这一瓶颈的关键策略。
本文主要综述挥发性气体吸附分离用ACF的研究进展,分析ACF的结构与性能特点及吸附机制,并重点分析疏水改性技术对挥发性气体的吸附分离性能。总结了ACF的疏水改性方法在提高疏水性与保持对挥发性气体高吸附量之间的影响,同时分析了当前研究存在的挑战性问题:孔隙堵塞、官能团调控不足、疏水稳定性与再生性能不理想,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。
1 活性炭纤维概述
近年来随着工业技术的发展,对高吸附性能的ACF吸附材料需求量日益增加,研究者通过优化前驱体选择与活化工艺,调控表面化学性质,致力于制备具有选择吸附性的ACF材料。ACF的表面化学性质,特别是表面疏水特性,通过抑制水分子在活性位点的竞争吸附,成为决定其在高湿度条件下对挥发性气体保持高吸附性能的关键因素。相关研究表明,在高湿度条件下,ACF的亲水性吸附位点与水分子间的结合力比弱极性挥发性气体分子更强,水分子可优先填充ACF的微孔,占据ACF的吸附位点,使ACF对目标吸附物吸附的活性位点数量减少、选择吸附性及吸附容量均有所降低[17]。因此,提高ACF的疏水性能够有效抑制水分子的竞争吸附,对于提升其在潮湿工业条件下的应用效果与使用寿命至关重要。
2 活性炭纤维吸附机制
ACF的吸附机制研究已较为深入,在吸附目标物质的过程中存在多种作用方式。根据吸附作用力的不同,ACF既可通过微孔填充效应实现对目标物质的物理吸附,也可通过表面官能团与目标物质发生化学反应进而实现化学吸附。因此,探究ACF物理、化学吸附机制是提高其吸附性能的关键前提。
2.1 物理吸附机制
ACF的物理吸附机制主要是源于其特殊的结构与理化性质,其高比表面积、以微孔为主的多级孔隙结构,以及分子间相互作用力,如静电吸引力、范德华力(色散力、诱导力、取向力)等[20]。ACF显著的高比表面积特性,使其在吸附目标物质的过程中能够暴露更多吸附位点,为目标吸附物与ACF位点的充分结合提供了结构基础。同时,ACF丰富的微孔(孔径<2 nm)结构赋予其优异的吸附性能,通过微孔填充作用实现对气体分子或溶质的高效捕获,而其介孔(孔径2~50 nm)的孔隙结构则具有较大的孔道容置空间,能够有效降低目标吸附物在孔道内的传递阻力,显著提升目标吸附物在孔道的扩散及吸附动力学速率[21]。例如,ACF吸附空气中甲烷、乙烷等挥发性气体的过程是典型的物理吸附过程,该物理吸附过程是可逆的、吸附热较低、动力学吸附速率快且在常温下即可高效进行。但是,ACF对挥发性气体的吸附性能并不稳定,受到多重因素影响,主要包括ACF自身的孔径尺寸、分布及表面极性等物理结构与理化性质,以及在吸附过程中环境的温度、湿度等外部条件。
2.2 化学吸附机制
化学吸附过程是ACF的表面官能团与目标吸附物间发生化学反应并形成稳定化学键的过程。ACF具有丰富的官能团,其中羟基(—OH)、羧基(—COOH)等含氧官能团和胺基、吡啶基等含氮官能团均可作为活性吸附位点与目标吸附物相结合,从而影响ACF与目标吸附物间的化学反应,进而影响其对目标吸附物的吸附能力,在化学吸附过程中发挥着关键的定向调控作用[22]。可通过改变ACF表面官能团的种类和数量,实现对其与不同目标吸附物间亲和力的精准调控。可见,在CO2等酸性气体的吸附体系中,含氮官能团丰富的ACF能够表现出更优异的吸附性能,这是由于含氮官能团提供的碱性吸附位点与酸性气体分子之间发生的酸碱中和反应,从而提高了ACF对酸性气体的吸附能力[23]。同时,在金属离子存在的体系中,ACF的羟基官能团可与金属离子间发生络合反应,使金属离子通过化学键作用锚定在ACF的孔隙结构中,从而实现对体系中金属离子的高效去除[24]。例如,ACF对CO2和金属离子的吸附过程属于典型的化学吸附过程,该吸附过程发生了化学反应并形成新的化学键,具有吸附性能稳定、选择性吸附能力强、表面功能可控等特点,得到广泛应用。然而其吸附过程具有不可逆性、吸附容量有限、反应条件苛刻、材料结构易受损等特点使其应用受到限制。因此,在进行化学吸附的过程中需精准调控反应条件、官能团等因素,以期望实现更好的改性效果。
3 活性炭纤维疏水改性技术
ACF的亲水性特征,使其在潮湿环境下的应用受到了严重的限制,因此对ACF进行疏水改性已成为当前吸附领域亟待解决的研究课题。对ACF进行疏水改性,是延长其使用性能,扩大应用领域的重要技术手段,目前已发展出多种技术路径,主要包括物理改性和化学改性两大类。
3.1 物理改性
3.1.1 热处理改性
热处理疏水改性技术是将ACF置于惰性气体(如N2、Ar)中进行高温处理的疏水改性方法,该策略不仅可调控ACF的表面微观结构[25],而且还能选择性去除可经加热分解的亲水性含氧基团,进而有效降低羧基、酯基等酸性官能团的含量,随着酸性官能团数量的减少,ACF与水分子间相结合的活性位点数量相应地降低,碱性官能团的相对含量有所提高,并能够显著提高ACF的疏水性能,在较高湿度环境下选择性吸附目标污染物的能力显著提升[26]。例如,早期Qiao等[27]研究了沥青基ACF经1 173 K高温处理后,ACF的酸性随着羟基等含氧基团的脱除而显著降低,尽管热处理技术使ACF的比表面积略有减小,但其微孔尺寸分布更加均匀,孔径主要集中在0.5~1.0 nm范围内,在高湿度条件下显著提升了对挥发性碘气体的吸附容量。
传统高温热处理通常只涉及在惰性氛围中进行简单热分解以去除表面含氧官能团,不仅去除效果有限,而且使比表面积有所降低。针对这个问题,Yan等[28]通过催化石墨化的方法,在制备阶段引入催化剂氯化镍-乙二胺,并在氮气流中升温至900 ℃保持2 h,制备出多孔石墨活性炭纤维(PGCF),使其比表面积从原始的1 304 m2/g增至2 601 m2/g,介孔体积显著增加,接着通过热处理工艺,成功制备出微/介孔ACF,有效降低ACF表面的C/O原子比,疏水性显著提升。因此,PGCF在干燥条件下对甲苯、环己烷和乙醇的吸附量保留率分别达到7.2、4.6和2.0 mmol/g,在80%相对湿度条件下,其对应的吸附能力分别达到92%、85%和154%,PGCF对挥发性气体吸附能力受水分子影响较小,且对乙醇的吸附量显著提升,是因为介孔中的毛细凝结水在潮湿的环境下可作为极性乙醇的吸收剂进而提高了乙醇的吸附容量。
3.1.2 表面涂层改性
表面涂层改性技术是通过对ACF进行浸渍或喷涂等工艺程序,将聚二乙烯基苯(PDVB)等疏水性聚合物负载到ACF表面[29],并经加热交联处理形成均匀的疏水性涂层膜。该疏水性ACF的制备工艺简便、操作可控性强、对ACF基体结构的损伤性较小等特点。此外,在疏水改性过程中可将抗菌剂等功能性成分加入到疏水涂层膜中,使改性后的ACF在提升疏水性的同时赋予其更多元化的功能,进而提高其在潮湿环境中对目标物质的选择吸附性。但表面涂层改性过程中需严格调控涂层的均匀性及与基材的界面结合牢度,以充分发挥其结构与性能的优势。例如,Tang等[30]通过以多巴胺(PDA)为生物黏合剂,采用喷雾沉积的方法将聚二乙烯基苯(PDVB)纳米颗粒牢固沉积在ACF表面,并进一步引入胺基进行功能化改性,从而制备疏水性ACF。与未改性ACF相比,改性后的ACF具有优异的抗酸碱能力和优异的疏水性(水接触角为131.1°),且比表面积从1 492 m2/g增至1 571 m2/g、微孔率从60.1%提高至97%,有效克服了传统改性方法中易导致微孔率下降带来的不利影响。在温度为75 ℃,相对湿度为50%条件下,改性后ACF在碘-水蒸气混合体系中,对动态碘的吸附容量达1 847.69 mg/g,相较于未改性ACF提升了55.47%。这一性能的优化得益于改性ACF兼具的高微孔率与优异疏水性,使其在潮湿环境中对碘的吸附性能得到了显著提升。
通过精准调控ACF内部的微孔结构,能够增强其在高湿环境下对挥发性气体碘的吸附性能,有效解决核废气处理的难题,然而实际核事故中还会存在大量的核废气与颗粒物。Li等[31]通过采用多喷嘴静电纺丝技术将含有疏水性SiO2纳米颗粒的PA66聚合物溶液成功包裹在ACF基底上,制备具有疏水性的多层纤维复合膜。该技术将SiO2纳米颗粒均匀分散到前驱体溶液中,通过调控SiO2的添加量,改变溶液的电导率并调节表面张力,既能够有效调控表层静电纺纳米纤维的尺寸,当SiO2含量为40%时,纤维的尺寸分布从60~100 nm降低至30~60 nm范围内,有效增加了比表面积和纳米孔隙率,又能显著提升其疏水性能,使其在潮湿环境下对放射性碘具有较高的选择性吸附能力及稳定的过滤性能,在经3次循环吸附后仍能对PM0.3保持99.95%的过滤效率。该方法所制备的复合膜在205.9 Pa压力条件下,对PM0.3的过滤效率高达99.98%,对挥发性碘气体的吸附量达764.56 mg/g,实现了环保与经济实用兼具的吸附-过滤协同的创新改性技术。
3.2 化学改性
3.2.1 硅烷偶联剂改性
硅烷偶联剂可在水相或有机相体系中发生水解反应,生成硅羟基(Si—OH),进一步与ACF的羟基等极性官能团发生脱水缩合反应,通过形成稳定共价键实现硅烷偶联剂在ACF上的牢固接枝,进而将甲基、烷基等疏水性有机基团成功引入ACF[32]。硅烷偶联剂本身具有较低的表面能,且其分子中Si—O键的键能高达550 kJ/mol,显著高于C—O键与C—C键的键能(约340 kJ/mol)[33]。目前硅烷偶联剂直接用于ACF疏水改性并提升其吸附性能的研究鲜见报道,大都集中于颗粒活性炭及粉末活性炭体系,相关研究更为深入和系统,研究成果对ACF改性同样具有重要借鉴意义。例如,Guo等[34]采用辛基三甲基硅氧烷(OTMS)与辛癸基三甲基硅氧烷(ODTMS)组成的长短链混合硅氧烷体系对活性炭进行改性,体系中的甲氧基经水解缩合反应生成羟基官能团,随后与双硅氧烷链发生脱水缩合反应,形成稳定的硅氧基团(Si—O—C),最终实现长短链混合硅氧烷在活性炭的有效负载。研究结果表明,改性后的活性炭疏水性随硅氧烷负载量的增加而逐步提升,且在50%相对湿度条件下对挥发性有机气体表现出优异的吸附性能。
除直接使用硅烷偶联剂改性活性炭外,也有研究者通过硅烷偶联剂改性的纳米颗粒通过喷涂方式沉积在活性炭表面。例如,Zhang等[35]使用硅烷偶联剂十六烷基三甲基硅烷(HDTMS)对纳米硅颗粒(NS)进行改性,成功制备出超疏水纳米SiO2粒子(HDTMS-NS),然后通过喷涂方式沉积在活性炭表面。最佳工艺条件下所制备的HDTMS-NS水接触角为162.4°,且用其喷涂改性的活性炭比表面积从初始活性炭的895 m2/g提升至949 m2/g,并在相对湿度为80%时,未改性活性炭对甲苯的吸附容量从0.331 g/g降至0.176 g/g,吸附量保留率为53%,但改性后的活性炭HDTMS-NS对甲苯的吸附量从0.334 g/g降至0.282 g/g,吸附量保留率为84%,表明改性活性炭在高湿度条件下对甲苯的吸附能力得到有效提升。
3.2.2 氟化物改性
氟化物改性是通过取代反应将低表面能的含氟基团引入ACF的改性技术,该过程可有效降低ACF的表面能,削弱其与水分子间的相互作用力,进而提高ACF的疏水性。早期研究主要通过强氟化剂对ACF表面进行氟化,形成低表面能的C—F共价键,赋予材料疏水性。然而,此类方法会严重损害ACF表面的微孔结构,导致吸附性能下降,因此通过氟化物疏水改性来探究活性炭纤维用于吸附性能研究较少。例如,Velasco等[36]以沥青基ACF为研究对象,将ACF置于F2和N2的混合缓冲罐中,在F2与N2气体体积比分别为3∶9、3∶7和5∶5的条件下反应10 min,随后将其通入N2净化,得到氟化后的疏水性ACF。在不同F2与N2体积比与温度条件下进行氟化改性实验,系统探究含氟量对ACF亲、疏水性的调控规律。结果表明,低温短时间氟化处理后,改性后ACF可保留未改性ACF基体的大部分结构特性,但仍维持较高亲水性;而在F2与N2体积比较大的情况下,ACF的F元素含量显著增加,表面能进一步降低,疏水性得到大幅度提高。
3.2.3 接枝聚合改性
接枝聚合改性是通过“主链-支链”的分子结构设计,利用化合物与主链间的共聚反应将新型聚合物支链接枝于主链表面,实现材料性能定向调控的技术[37]。ACF有较多的活性位点,可作为稳定的接枝主链,通过将疏水性基团接枝聚合在主链ACF,赋予其优异的疏水特性。针对单一长链分子接枝改性在接枝密度与负载量调控方面存在的局限性,研究者提出并探究了长短链混合接枝改性策略,并将其应用于ACF的表面功能化改性。例如,徐遵主等[38]采用分步液相硅烷化的方法,将OTMS和HDTMS接枝在ACF表面进行改性,结果表明,长短链硅烷混合接枝,改性后的ACF水接触角从0°大幅升至145.8°,疏水效果得到明显改善,其对水蒸气的吸附量较未改性ACF降低了57.1%。在动态吸附实验中,相对湿度为80%时,改性后ACF对挥发性有机物二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯和环己烷的饱和吸附量分别增加71.4%、23.0%和31.1%。并在120 ℃条件下呈现出较好的吸附再生性能。采用这种分步液相硅烷化的方法可有效控制硅烷接枝长度,既能够有效避免有机硅烷对ACF孔隙的堵塞,又能在一定程度上增强ACF在高相对湿度环境条件下对挥发性气体的吸附选择性,进而提高其对目标吸附物的吸附能力。
4 结束语
本文综述了当前ACF疏水改性的主要方法,包括物理改性(热处理、表面涂层等)和化学改性(硅烷偶联剂改性、氟化物改性、接枝聚合改性等),分析了疏水改性方法的改性机制及其对ACF吸附性能的影响。结果表明:物理改性依赖物理作用力实现功能调控,改性过程中不产生新化学物质,环保性较强,但存在吸附作用力弱,疏水稳定性不佳的问题,且改性效果易受环境温湿度等因素干扰。化学改性主要通过化学键合方式实现对目标污染物的选择性吸附,具有极强的吸附特异性和定向捕获能力。但化学吸附过程所需反应热较大,吸附具有不可逆性,再生性差,且吸附容量受官能团负载量限制,易达到吸附饱和,难以满足长期循环使用的需求。物理改性与化学改性在改性机制上各具优势与局限性,在实际应用中需根据ACF的特性、工艺条件及环境要求,选择合适方式制备疏水性活性炭纤维,以实现疏水性与高吸附性能的协同调控,从而增强其在潮湿环境下对挥发性有机物的吸附能力,以期拓展其在其它领域的应用。
基于上述研究分析,对ACF疏水改性技术的未来发展方向进行展望,具体包括5个方面:1)开发低成本、环境友好型的ACF改性工艺,避免实验中有害物质的排放以及二次污染物的产生,契合绿色环保理念;2)研究改性技术与ACF间的相互作用机制,并探索改性后的ACF与目标吸附物间的吸附机制,为目标吸附物的精准捕获提供强有力的理论支撑,实现更高效的选择吸附性;3)结合不同改性技术的核心优势,制备兼具高疏水性与高吸附性能的ACF,并实现产业化应用;4)探究疏水改性ACF在多组分挥发性气体共存体系的吸附规律及其竞争吸附机制,为多组分环境下的工艺优化提供理论参考;5)探究ACF物理-化学复合疏水改性方法在挥发性气体吸附领域的应用,并进一步拓展ACF在多领域的应用潜能。
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