Objective Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS) flame-retardant finishing wastewater contains high levels of refractory organic phosphorus and coexisting carbon and nitrogen pollutants. The phosphorus in THPS exists in a stable organic-bound form, with the phosphorus atom shielded by four hydroxymethyl groups, rendering conventional chemical precipitation and biological treatment largely ineffective. This poses significant challenges to pollution control and low-carbon transformation in the textile industry under increasingly stringent discharge standards. This study systematically evaluates five advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as pretreatment technologies for THPS finishing wastewater, aiming to identify optimal process routes for synergistic pollutant removal and carbon reduction.

Method Five AOPs, which are ozonation (O₃), alkali-activated persulfate (OH^-/PS), Fe²⁺-activated persulfate (Fe²⁺/PS), CaO₂-based Fenton-like oxidation (CaO₂-Fenton), and potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) oxidation, were investigated for treating real wastewater from a textile finishing plant (TP: 82.04 mg/L, $\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{3-}$PO43-: 10.52 mg/L, NH₃-N: 302.99 mg/L, TN: 358.75 mg/L, TOC: 467.90 mg/L, COD:1 176 mg/L, pH=3.33). Experiments were conducted under optimal conditions at room temperature ((25±2) ℃), followed by chemical precipitation with CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ at pH=11, and the performance was comprehensively assessed based on TP, TOC, NH₃—N, and TN removal efficiency, operational cost, sludge production, and carbon emissions. A multi-criteria evaluation framework incorporating radar chart analysis was employed to provide a holistic comparison across all five processes.

Results All five AOPs exhibited limited direct mineralization of organic phosphorus to ortho-phosphate (PO₄^3-). The core mechanism was the partial cleavage of C-P bonds in THPS molecules, converting stable organic phosphorus into phosphate-group-bearing organic intermediates. These intermediates demonstrated significantly enhanced coordination capacity with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ compared to intact THPS, as the exposed oxygen lone pairs of phosphate groups facilitate stronger complexation and more stable precipitation, forming a pre-oxidation activation-complexation precipitation synergistic mechanism. This explains why CaO₂-Fenton, despite generating the lowest aqueous PO₄^3- increment, achieved the highest TP removal rate (98.72%), while O₃, which produced the highest PO₄^3- increment, yielded a lower TP removal rate (70.52%) which free PO₄^3- is susceptible to competitive interference from coexisting ions in the high-strength wastewater matrix, limiting its precipitation efficiency. Among all combined processes, CaO₂-Fenton achieved the highest TP removal rate(98.72%), followed by K₂FeO₄ (72.33%), O₃ (70.52%), Fe²⁺/PS (56.29%), and OH^-/PS (53.64%). For organic carbon removal, O₃ exhibited the highest TOC removal rate (90.39%), while OH^-/PS and CaO₂-Fenton achieved 72.80% and 70.07%, respectively. K₂FeO₄ demonstrated the most effective nitrogen transformation, attributed to the direct oxidation capacity of Fe(VI) and the synergistic adsorption-coprecipitation of Fe(III) flocs. In terms of operational costs, OH^-/PS was the most economical (3.93 CNY/m³) with the lowest unit TOC removal cost (11.5 CNY/g), while CaO₂-Fenton achieved the lowest unit phosphorus removal cost (71.3 CNY/g). O₃ incurred the highest overall cost (12.30 CNY/m³) due to electricity consumption and generated direct carbon emissions of 5.26 kgCO₂/m³, whereas chemical-based processes with no direct electricity consumption demonstrated superior synergistic benefits for pollution reduction and carbon mitigation.

Conclusion AOPs combined with chemical precipitation are proven to provide effective pretreatment for THPS flame-retardant finishing wastewater via the pre-oxidation activation-complexation precipitation mechanism, which offers a new perspective for understanding organic phosphorus removal in complex industrial wastewater. Process selection should be guided by treatment objectives and cost constraints. CaO₂-Fenton is recommended for phosphorus-priority scenarios given its superior TP removal and lowest unit phosphorus removal cost, OH^-/PS is optimal for organic matter removal and low-carbon operation given its lowest overall operational cost, and K₂FeO₄ is preferred when stringent nitrogen discharge requirements apply. These findings provide scientific insight for low-carbon process selection in textile flame-retardant finishing wastewater treatment.

Objective Conventional bubble aeration suffers from low ozone mass transfer efficiency and insufficient ozone utilization, which limits the practical application of ozonation in the advanced treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater. Membrane contactor reactors provide a stable gas-liquid interface for bubbleless ozone transfer and offer a promising strategy to overcome the intrinsic limitations of bubble-based aeration. A polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membrane contactor reactor was constructed to enhance ozone mass transfer, and the mass transfer behavior and wastewater treatment performance of hydrophobic PTFE membrane, hydrophilic PTFE membrane, and conventional aeration were systematically compared.

Method Commercial hydrophobic and hydrophilic PTFE hollow fiber membranes were adopted to construct membrane contactor reactors, while a conventional aerator was used as the control. The surface morphologies of the membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Ozone mass transfer experiments were carried out under different influent flow rates, inlet gas flow rates, inlet ozone mass concentrations, and initial liquid-phase pH values. The equilibrium dissolved ozone concentration and apparent volumetric mass transfer coefficient (K_La) were calculated based on a pseudo-first-order mass transfer model. Under the optimized operating conditions, the hydrophobic PTFE hollow fiber membrane contactor was further applied to the advanced treatment of actual printing and dyeing wastewater, and its chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and ozone utilization efficiency were evaluated.

Results The hydrophobic PTFE hollow fiber membrane exhibited the best ozone mass transfer performance among the three transfer modes under the investigating conditions. Increasing the influent flow rate led to the thinning of the boundary layer and improved the mass transfer coefficient, but excessive flow shortened the gas-liquid contact time and reduced the equilibrium dissolved ozone concentration. The optimal gas flow rate and inlet ozone mass concentration were determined to be 100 mL/min and 67.7 mg/L, respectively. The initial pH value was also found to strongly affect ozone transfer and stability, with pH=7 providing the best balance between mass transfer driving force and ozone decomposition. Under the optimized conditions of influent flow rate of 146.67 mL/min, gas flow rate of 100 mL/min, inlet ozone mass concentration of 67.7 mg/L, and initial pH value of 7, the maximum K_La values of the hydrophobic membrane, hydrophilic membrane, and conventional aerator were 0.623, 0.341, and 0.602 min^-1, respectively. For printing and dyeing wastewater treatment, the COD removal rate achieved by the hydrophobic PTFE membrane reached 60.7%, which was approximately 4 times that of the conventional aerator. The COD removal per unit ozone consumption reached 0.119 mg/mg, about 3.8 times that of conventional aerator.

Conclusion The hydrophobic PTFE hollow fiber membrane contactor effectively enhances ozone mass transfer by maintaining a stable bubbleless gas-liquid interface and reducing liquid-side mass transfer resistance. Compared with hydrophilic membrane contact and conventional bubble aeration, the hydrophobic membrane shows higher mass transfer efficiency, better ozone utilization, and superior COD removal performance in actual printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. This study provides a feasible technical route for improving ozone utilization efficiency and promoting the engineering application of membrane contactor-assisted ozonation in textile wastewater treatment.

Objective A large amount of industrial wastewater is generated in the dyeing process. The dye molecules not only cause the water coloration to deepen sharply, damaging the ecological landscape of the water body, but also hinder the photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the water body, thereby triggering the problem of water eutrophication, which seriously threatens the balance of the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, it is of significance for developing efficient, environmentally friendly, and low-cost wastewater treatment technologies for the dyeing industry. Specifically, modified starch-based flocculants were prepared using cassava starch as the raw material and then combined with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) for the treatment of simulated dyeing wastewater.

Method A new type of modified starch-based flocculant was prepared using cassava starch, which is widely available, inexpensive and biodegradable, during which introducing two monomers, acrylamide (AM) and sodium acrylate (AANa), were introduced into the starch molecular chain through graft copolymerization reaction. Through single-factor experiments, the dosage of initiator, the molar ratio of AM to AANa, the reaction temperature and reaction time were optimized to ensure the optimal structure and performance of the flocculant. Analytical characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ¹³C-NMR were utilized to characterize the molecular structure, chemical composition,and microscopic morphology of the modified flocculant, and to verify the effectiveness of the graft copolymerization reaction. Three commonly used disperse dyes, namely dispersed red FB, dispersed blue E-4R and dispersed yellow RGFL, were selected and mixed in a certain proportion to prepare simulated printing and dyeing wastewater. Through static flocculation experiments, with turbidity removal rate and color removal rate as the core evaluation indicators, the influences of flocculant dosage, wastewater pH value and reaction temperature on the flocculation effect were investigated, and the synergistic effect of PAC and the modified starch-based flocculant was explored.

Results When the initiator mass fraction was 0.6%, the molar ratio of AM to AANa was 1∶0.75, the reaction temperature was 70℃ and the reaction time was 3 h, the flocculation performance of the prepared flocculant was the best. When PAC and the modified flocculant were used in combination, the turbidity and color removal rates of disperse dyes in the simulated dyeing wastewater reached over 90% at the pH value of 3-7 and at 20-40℃.When the flocculant dosage was 120 mg/L, the pH value was 6 and the temperature was 20℃, the treatment effect of the simulated dyeing wastewater was the best, with a turbidity removal rate of 99.28% and a color removal rate of 98.34%.

Conclusion The anionic starch-based modified flocculant prepared from cassava starch by graft copolymerization with AM and AANa exhibits excellent flocculation performance under optimized synthesis conditions. Its combined use with PAC can efficiently remove turbidity and color from simulated dyeing wastewater within a broad range of pH and temperature, and achieves the optimal treatment effect under the condition of flocculant dosage 120 mg/L, pH value 6 and temperature 20 ℃, which provides an effective approach for solving the pollution problems caused by dyeing wastewater.

Objective This study aims to develop a high-efficiency perylene diimide/graphene oxide (PDI/GO) photocatalyst for printing and dyeing wastewater treatment, so as to solve the secondary pollution problem caused by heavy metal ions in conventional photocatalysts. Its photocatalytic degradation performance for reactive dyes and its adaptability in saline-alkali environment are systematically evaluated, providing theoretical basis for its practical application.

Method The PDI/GO photocatalyst was prepared by loading perylene diimide (PDI) onto graphene oxide (GO) via recrystallization. Its morphology and chemical structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The influences of light/dark environment and catalyst types on reactive blue degradation were investigated. Its photocatalytic performance for single and mixed reactive dyes was evaluated under xenon lamp irradiation, and the influences of initial concentration, salinity and alkalinity on degradation efficiency were explored.

Results SEM, FT-IR, XRD and PL characterizations confirm the successful preparation of PDI/GO photocatalyst, with PDI uniformly loaded on GO surface and significantly suppressed charge carrier recombination. Under simulated sunlight irradiation, PDI/GO exhibited excellent photocatalytic degradation for various types of reactive dyes. Control experiments showed that PDI/GO has good adsorption on reactive blue, while pure PDI, and that pure GO exhibit poor degradation capacities. Among the tested dyes, reactive blue achieved the highest degradation rate of approximately 85% after 200 min treatment at dye concentration of 10 mg/L, because of its anthraquinone ring being readily attacked by photogenerated radicals, whereas reactive red and reactive yellow showed relatively lower efficiency. Initial dye concentration was found to significantly affect the degradation performance, where 5 mg/L reactive blue was almost completely degraded (98% removal) within 70 min, while degradation efficiency decreased markedly at 15 mg/L and 25 mg/L. In saline-alkali tests, NaCl accelerated decolorization through electrostatic shielding and generation of active chlorine species, and NaOH restrained degradation due to enhanced electrostatic repulsion. The mixed NaCl/NaOH system demonstrated inhibited early stage degradation followed by accelerated degradation at a later stage, attributing to the gradual accumulation of photogenerated active chlorine species.

Conclusion This study reports the successful preparation of the PDI/GO photocatalyst and its high-efficiency photocatalytic degradation performance for reactive dyes. Under simulated sunlight irradiation, when the initial concentration of reactive blue dye is 5 mg/L, the decolorization rate of the dye solution reaches 98% after 70 min treatment with the PDI/GO photocatalyst, achieving almost complete degradation. In addition, the PDI/GO photocatalyst also demonstrated that it still maintains good catalytic performance in complex environmental systems and effectively degrades target dyes. These findings provide valuable experimental evidence and theoretical support for the application of PDI/GO photocatalytic materials in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater. It is recommended that future research should focus on the study of high-efficiency degradation mechanism of high-concentration dye wastewater and on the optimization of the catalytic system for practical application scenarios with high pollution loads.

Objective The pollution caused by degumming wastewater has restricted the sustainable development of the hemp industry, as no mature remediation strategy is currently available. Meanwhile, commercial sand-fixing agents used in desertification control are predominantly synthetic polymers with poor biodegradability. In contrast, the colloids in hemp degumming wastewater consist mainly of polysaccharides, which readily form hydrogen bonds and exhibit excellent biodegradability, highlighting their potential as raw materials for sand-fixing agents. Therefore, converting this wastewater into sand-fixing products would not only mitigate pollution discharge but also contribute to the restoration of fragile ecosystems.

Method This study employed hemp degumming wastewater directly for sand-particle bonding, systematically investigating its sand-fixing potential from multiple perspectives, including optimization of application parameters, the influence of multi-colloid components, crust characteristics, and water-retention properties. Initially, a sand-fixing agent of a specified concentration was sprayed onto a sandy soil surface at a designed application rate, forming a sand crust upon drying. Using a target crust hardness of 1-2 kg/cm², the application parameters were optimized. Subsequently, the structural characteristics and formation mechanism of the polysaccharide-induced crust were analyzed, and the sand-fixing efficacy of the polysaccharides was evaluated through comparative analysis with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and lignin.

Results The weight-average molecular weight (822 ku) and mass concentration (9.1 g/L) of polysaccharides in hemp degumming wastewater were significantly higher than those of other colloids, such as lignin, pectin, and protein, identifying them as the key factors governing sand crust formation. With increasing spraying volume, crust hardness showed an initial rapid increase before a slowing down, but as polysaccharide mass concentration rose, the crust hardness exhibited a slow initial growth followed by a sustained rapid rise. In order to achieve the target crust hardness of 1-2 kg/cm², the optimal application parameters were determined as a spraying rate of 5 kg/m² and a polysaccharide mass concentration of 5 g/L. Analysis revealed that achieving equivalent hardness required a hemp polysaccharide mass concentration 52% higher than that of PVA but 85% lower than that of lignin. Furthermore, while elevated mass concentrations of pectin, protein, and lignin generally enhanced the hardness of polysaccharide-based crusts, pectin showed the most pronounced effect. Nevertheless, low concentrations (0-0.2 g/L) of these additives exerted adverse effects. Structurally, the content of various colloids and the molecular weight of polysaccharides decreased from the top to the bottom of the crust, corresponding to a gradual reduction in density along the thickness direction. In order to maintain the ideal crust hardness range, the weight-average molecular weight of hemp polysaccharides should be confined to 50-500 ku. The water retention rate of hemp polysaccharide-based crust reached 30.3%, surpassing that of PVA (27.6%) and lignin (18.1%), thereby contributing to superior seed germination performance.

Conclusion The polysaccharide colloids in hemp degumming wastewater not only bind sand particles but also exhibit excellent biodegradability, positioning them as a high-quality raw material for sand-fixing agents used in the ecological restoration of desertified regions.

Objective In order to address the problems on poor thermal insulation performance of poly-acrylonitrile (PAN) fibers and the difficulty of their large-scale production, carboxylcellulose nanofibers (C-CNF) were introduced in situ during the emulsion polymerization stage to prepare a meltable PAN/C-CNF polymer. This polymer was then blended with SA-PAN filler derived from graft-modified silica aerogel (SA), and PAN/C-CNF/SA-PAN composite thermal-insulating fibers were fabricated by melt spinning. Subsequently, the structure, thermal properties, thermal insulation properties, and mechanical properties of the composite fibers were systematically analyzed and discussed.

Method Using OP-10 as the emulsifier and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the surfactant, the PAN/C-CNF polymer was synthesized by emulsion polymerization. SA was hydrolyzed with vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES) in anhydrous ethanol to obtain SA-VTES. Acrylonitrile (AN), anhydrous ethanol, and water were then added to a beaker and thoroughly mixed to prepare the modification solution. SA-VTES was added to the modification solution and rapidly dispersed using a homogenizer, followed by stirring for 2 h to ensure uniform mixing, and then reacted for 2 h in a UV curing machine. After completion of the reaction, SA-PAN was obtained. PAN/C-CNF/SA-PAN blends containing different proportions of SA-PAN were thoroughly mixed in a planetary ball mill, and then extruded and pelletized using a screw extruder to obtain the spinning feedstock.

Results The thermal conductivity of SA was 0.045 1 W/(m·K), while that of SA-PAN was 0.055 2 W/(m·K). Both values remained at relatively low levels, and the thermal conductivity of SA-PAN increased by only 0.010 1 W/(m·K) after modification. Its thermal diffusivity increased from 0.196 1 mm²/s to 0.219 9 mm²/s, indicating that it still possessed good thermal insulation performance. As the SA-PAN content increased, the crystallinity of the fibers gradually decreased from 38.2% to 22.0%. Compared with PAN fibers, the breaking strength of PC fibers containing 0.1% C-CNF increased by 32.0%, and the elongation at break of the as-spun fibers was also significantly improved. Fibers with an SA-PAN content of 1% exhibited the optimum breaking strength of 3.50 cN/dtex, 45.2% higher than that of PAN fibers, indicating that the addition of a small amount of SA-PAN can improve the mechanical properties of PAN-based fibers. The thermal conductivity of PAN fibers was 0.101 9 W/(m·K), while that of PC fibers was 0.119 9 W/(m·K). The slight increase in the thermal conductivity of PC fibers was mainly attributed to the high specific surface area of C-CNF, which enhanced the heat transfer capability of the material to a certain extent. After the addition of 1% SA-PAN, the thermal conductivity of PAN-based fibers decreased by 29.4%. With further increases in SA-PAN content, the thermal conductivity of the fiber fabrics decreased by 32.7%, 37.2%, and 44.8%, respectively. In addition, the thermal diffusivity of the fibers also decreased with increasing SA-PAN content, indicating that the introduction of SA-PAN significantly improved the thermal insulation performance of melt-spun PAN-based fibers.

Conclusion PAN was successfully grafted on the SA surface, and SA-PAN was prepared with a grafting rate of 20.4%. In the emulsion polymerization stage, 0.1% C-CNF was added in situ to obtain meltable PAN/C-CNF polymers, and the PAN/C-CNF polymers were blended with SA-PAN in different proportions, and the PAN/C-CNF polymers were successfully prepared by the melt spinning method to prepare PAN-based fibers with excellent thermal insulation and mechanical properties. The introduction of C-CNF significantly improved the flexibility and tensile strength of the fibers; The tensile strength of the fibers increased by 32%, and the tensile strength increased from 2.41 cN/dtex to 3.18 cN/dtex, and the addition of SA-PAN effectively reduced the thermal conductivity of the fibers and improved the thermal stability and residnal carbon yield, and the thermal conductivity of the fibers increased from 0.119 9 W/(m·K) to 0.075 3 W/(m·K), decreased by 37.2%, and the residnal carbon yield of PAN-based insulation fibers increased from 9.11% to 16.41% and 44.85% after adding 1% SA-PAN and 3% SA-PAN, respectively. However, a small amount of SA-PAN can improve the mechanical properties of the fibers, and the tensile strength of the PAN-based fibers is increased to 3.50 cN/dtex by adding 1% SA-PAN, and the mechanical properties of the fibers reduced due to the addition of too much SA-PAN, but the tensile strength can still reach a good level of 2.38 cN/dtex after adding 5% SA-PAN.

Objective In order to address the critical challenges of fouling, corrosion, and performance degradation in heat exchangers used for waste heat recovery from stenter exhaust in the textile printing and dyeing industry, this study aims to develop a comprehensive and practical design solution. The primary objectives are to identify an optimal material with balanced thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and cost, to optimize the core structural parameters of a plate heat exchanger for enhanced comprehensive performance, to establish an accurate fouling prediction model tailored to the oily-fibrous exhaust conditions, and to validate the overall system performance through long-term laboratory and field engineering tests.

Method Five candidate materials (carbon steel, 304 stainless steel, 316 stainless steel, 316L stainless steel, and TA1 titanium alloy) were evaluated. Thermal conductivity was measured using the steady-state plate method from 20℃ to 300℃, and corrosion resistance was assessed by potentiodynamic polarization tests in a simulated acidic exhaust environment (H₂SO₄ (pH=4), 80℃). A multi-objective optimization framework was developed by coupling computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with the NSGA-II algorithm to optimize the channel spacing and fin spacing ratio. The objectives were to maximize heat transfer rate, while minimizing pressure drop and material volume. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was subsequently employed to select the optimal solution from the Pareto front. A novel asymptotic fouling prediction model was established by introducing a wall shear stress modification to the Kern-Seaton theory, coupling the deposition and shear-driven removal rates. This model was validated through a 3 000 h fouling experiment. Finally, the optimized heat exchanger system was installed and tested on an industrial stenter line for three months to evaluate its real-world thermal performance, stability, and economic benefits.

Results The material tests showed that while carbon steel had the highest thermal conductivity (50.2 W/(m·K)) at room temperature, its conductivity decreased at elevated temperatures, and its corrosion rate (0.144 mm/a) was unacceptably high. Titanium alloy exhibited the best corrosion resistance (0.000 6 mm/a) and stable thermal conductivity but at a prohibitive cost (5-8 times that of 304 stainless steel). 304 stainless steel demonstrated an optimal balance, with a thermal conductivity of 16.3 W/(m·K) at 100 ℃, a value that increased with temperature, and a corrosion rate below 0.01 mm/a. The CFD and NSGA-II multi-objective optimization revealed the inherent trade-offs among heat transfer rate (Q), pressure drop (ΔP), and material volume (V_m), with the conflicting nature of these objectives evident from the resulting Pareto front. Based on the material selection of 304 stainless steel, the TOPSIS analysis identified the optimal structural parameters as a channel spacing (d) of 2.0 mm and a fin spacing ratio (α) of 0.5. Under this material-specific context, this configuration yielded a TOPSIS closeness coefficient of 0.824, significantly outperforming other candidates. Compared to the initial design, this optimized structure achieved an 18.7% increase in heat transfer rate, a 22.3% reduction in pressure drop, and a 15% decrease in material volume. The proposed wall shear stress-modified asymptotic fouling model accurately captured the typical fouling growth trend. The predicted fouling resistance values showed excellent agreement with the 3 000 h experimental data, with a mean relative error of only 3.94%. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the model could quantitatively describe the influences of the removal rate constant and wall shear stress on fouling dynamics. In the field engineering trial, the system operated stably over three months without significant fouling or corrosion. The exhaust gas was cooled by an average of 56 ℃ (from 182 ℃ to 126 ℃), while fresh air was preheated by 158 ℃. The system achieved a heat recovery efficiency of 25.2% and an exergy efficiency of 18.7%. The annual economic and environmental benefits are substantial, with projected savings of 73 800 m³ (Standard m³) of natural gas and a reduction of 199 tons of CO₂ emissions per year (based on 6 000 operating hours).

Conclusion This research successfully delivers a validated, integrated solution for waste heat recovery from stenter exhaust. 304 stainless steel is confirmed as the most cost-effective and durable material choice. The identified structural parameters (d=2.0 mm, α=0.5) represent an optimal engineering compromise, significantly enhancing thermal-hydraulic performance while reducing material costs. The novel fouling model provides a reliable tool for predicting maintenance needs and optimizing cleaning schedules. The successful industrial application demonstrates that the designed system offers high efficiency, robust long-term stability, and significant energy-saving and emission-reduction potential, providing a practical and scientifically-grounded technology pathway for sustainable development in the textile industry.

Significance In the context of China's 'dual-carbon' targets and the rapid restructuring of global green trade rules, the textile industry is under increasing pressure to advance green transformation. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential for pollution and carbon reduction across different stages and scenarios. However, existing studies remain fragmented, mainly focusing on single stages or individual technologies, and lack a full life-cycle analytical framework. This study reviews AI-enabled decarbonization technologies, identifies innovation pathways, and compares applications across design, production, distribution, consumption, and recycling from a textile life-cycle perspective. By linking AI applications with digital product passport (DPP) data, this study clarifies pathways for coordinated value-chain decarbonization and provides theoretical and practical references for the low-carbon transformation of the textile industry.

Progress AI applications for pollution and carbon reduction now extend across the textile life cycle, but their maturity, depth of implementation, and degree of cross-stage integration vary substantially. At the design stage, generative AI and intelligent decision-making systems support a shift from mass production and excess inventory toward demand-driven design and more precise product matching, thereby reducing material waste and overproduction at the source. However, limited technical standardization and restricted data access still constrain wider applications. At the production stage, deep-learning-based visual inspection and intelligent process control have been relatively well developed in quality control, energy-efficiency improvement, and cleaner production, making production the most mature field of AI-enabled decarbonization in textiles. The main barriers are standardized industrial data collection and the integration of heterogeneous data from different production systems. At the distribution stage, AI-based demand forecasting and supply-chain coordination can reduce inventory accumulation and unnecessary production, but full-chain optimization is limited by insufficient data sharing among firms and by commercial barriers. At the consumption stage, AI recommendation systems and virtual try-on technologies can indirectly reduce emissions by improving product-consumer matching and extending garment use, although algorithmic ethics and user privacy require clearer governance. At the recycling stage, intelligent sorting and digital traceability improve fiber identification and quality control, supporting the transition from end-of-life disposal to higher-value recycling. Yet high equipment costs and unstable markets for recycled fibers continue to restrict large-scale deployment. PP provides a data infrastructure for connecting life-cycle information across stages and actors, offering a basis for coordinated decarbonization beyond isolated technological improvements.

Conclusion and Prospect AI has established an initial full life-cycle enabling framework for the textile sector, providing a practical basis for moving from isolated energy-saving measures toward systematic pollution reduction and decarbonization. However, the full mitigation potential of AI remains constrained by algorithmic opacity, limited model generalizability, unaccounted energy consumption from AI computation, and insufficient cross-enterprise data coordination. Future research should focus on four key directions. Firstly, explainable AI should be further applied to textile process optimization to improve engineer intervention while maintaining model accuracy. Secondly, federated learning-based data collaboration mechanisms should be developed to address industry data silos while protecting data ownership and commercial privacy. Thirdly, DPP data standards and pathways for international alignment should be strengthened to support trusted carbon footprint transmission and dynamic accounting across stakeholders. Fourthly, AI-based multi-objective decision-making systems should be developed to jointly optimize carbon emissions, chemical oxygen demand, energy efficiency, and product quality.

Significance Activated carbon fiber (ACF) is the third-generation novel carbon-based adsorbent material, featuring high specific surface area, abundant micropores, and rich functional groups, and widely used in the field of volatile gas adsorption. However, because the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of ACF can combine with water molecules through hydrogen bonds in high humidity environments resulting in water molecules adsorbed in ACF, which greatly reduce the adsorption capacity of ACF for volatile gases. This critical limitation severely restricts the practical application of ACF in volatile gas adsorption in high-humidity environments. Therefore, precise regulation of ACF hydrophobicity by surface modification has emerged as a core research direction to enhance its practical value. To date, superhydrophobic functionalized ACF have been developed for volatile gas adsorption, but their modification mechanisms can directly modulate the adsorption performance. In order to comprehensively clarify the intrinsic correlation between ACF hydrophobic modification technologies and volatile gas adsorption properties, as well as to identify the current research status and development bottlenecks, this review conducts a systematic investigation on the hydrophobic modification of ACF and their applications in volatile gas adsorption.

Progress In response to the demand for efficient volatile gas removal under high-humidity conditions, ACF integrating a large specific surface area and excellent adsorption performance has become a research hotspot in the adsorption field. The adsorption performance of ACF is synergistically determined by physical adsorption (dominated by Van Der Waals forces) and chemical adsorption (dominated by chemical bonding), which directly or indirectly influences its volatile gas adsorption efficacy. In order to further enhance the volatile gas adsorption performance of ACF, precise regulation of its specific surface area, as well as the composition and distribution of surface functional groups, is essential to achieve the synergistic optimization of physical and chemical adsorption. Research findings indicate that the physical structure and chemical properties of ACF are key factors governing their hydrophobicity and volatile gas adsorption performance, and the corresponding research progress has been initially summarized and discussed.

Conclusion and Prospect Hydrophobic ACF exhibit tremendous application potential in volatile gas purification and adsorption separation by virtue of their excellent hydrophobicity and superior adsorption performance. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on hydrophobic modification methods of ACF and their effects on volatile gas adsorption performance, and analyzes the physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms of different hydrophobic modification strategies on volatile gas adsorption. The results demonstrate that ACF hydrophobic modification is primarily achieved through two pathways. One is the selective reduction of hydrophilic surface functional groups to minimize hydrogen bonding sites with water molecules, and the other the introduction of low-surface-energy functional groups to decrease the surface free energy of ACF. The modified hydrophobic ACF can effectively inhibit the competitive adsorption between water molecules and volatile gases at the active sites under high-humidity conditions, thereby significantly improving the selective adsorption performance for volatile gases. Furthermore, precise regulation of modification process parameters enables targeted tuning of the specific surface area, pore structure parameters, and surface chemical properties of ACF, which in turn meets the adsorption requirements for different types of volatile gases and realizes the directional optimization of adsorption performance. Future research should focus on three key aspects, i.e., screening environmentally friendly, low-cost, and functionally synergistic hydrophobic modifiers to balance hydrophobicity and adsorption activity, developing high-efficiency and low-energy-consumption modification processes to address the limitations of traditional methods, and deepening the microscopic mechanism underlying the relationship between hydrophobicity and adsorption performance through advanced characterization techniques and density functional theory calculations. The ultimate goal is to develop hydrophobic ACF adsorbents with high adsorption capacity, excellent selectivity, and long-cycle stability, so as to meet the rigorous requirements for volatile gas adsorption in practical industrial applications.

Significance The building envelope is the main carrier of indoor and outdoor heat transfer. In actual use, heat loss from walls, roofs, doors and windows is the main factor causing building energy consumption. Therefore, improving the thermal insulation performance of the building envelope is a key measure to improve building energy efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and promote low-carbon and green development of the construction industry. Conventional insulation materials generally have obvious deficiencies in thermal performance, environmental friendliness and long-term service durability, thus are difficult to adapt to the high standards of modern green buildings. As a new green bio-based porous material, cellulose aerogel has outstanding characteristics such as wide source of raw materials, ultra-low density, low thermal conductivity, renewable and degradable, and so on. It is a new generation of high-efficiency building insulation materials with great application potential. In-depth research on its applications in the field of building energy efficiency can effectively promote the upgrade of envelope insulation technology and provide a new and effective path for sustainable, low-carbon and high-quality development of buildings.

Progress Cellulose aerogel has excellent properties such as renewability, biodegradability, and low thermal conductivity, and has significant advantages in the field of new thermal insulation materials. Its raw materials are widely available from low-cost biomass resources such as agricultural and forestry wastes and waste cotton textiles. It can achieve efficient resource recycling, significantly reduce environmental load, and have outstanding sustainability. In recent years, researchers have carried out much work on overcoming performance shortcomings. Through various strategies such as structure control, component compounding, and chemical modification, the mechanical strength, use safety, and long-term durability of cellulose aerogels are significantly improved, making them gradually meet the stringent application requirements in complex service scenarios of construction projects. At the same time, cellulose aerogel combined with functional materials achieved diversity, high-efficiency and energy-saving. Combined with phase-change materials, it can achieve efficient heat storage and stabilize indoor temperature fluctuations, and integrated with radiant refrigeration materials, it can achieve passive cooling under strong sunlight conditions, effectively reduce air-conditioning energy consumption, and further improve the overall energy efficiency of the building. In addition, transparent cellulose aerogels have been successfully used in light-transmitting components such as doors, windows, skylights, and glass curtain walls to achieve excellent thermal insulation effects while ensuring high visible light transmittance. Through energy consumption simulation and building performance analysis, it has been confirmed that cellulose aerogel has significant advantages in improving the thermal performance of the building envelope and reducing the total energy consumption of the building, and has huge application potential.

Conclusion and Prospect Cellulose aerogels are of great significance in promoting low-carbon development and energy conservation and efficiency improvement in the construction industry. In order to realize its large-scale engineering applications, it is necessary to develop low-cost preparation technology and carry out directional modification according to the actual needs of construction. At present, cellulose aerogels mainly rely on supercritical CO₂ drying and freeze-drying technology to produce, which requires large equipment investment and high energy consumption, seriously restricting its large-scale promotion. Therefore, there is an urgent need to optimize existing preparation processes and develop cost-effective, scalable production technologies in the future. Based on the actual service environment of the building, future research should focus on four major directions: 1) improving the mechanical and structural stability, enhancing pressure-bearing and creep resistance capabilities, and meeting the structural safety needs of the building for long-term service; 2) strengthening environmental adaptation and durability through integrated modification of hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, weather resistance, and corrosion resistance, so as to adapt to complex working conditions such as heat and humidity, salt spray, and so on; 3) optimizing the interface bonding performance, improving the compatibility and bonding strength with the building base material, and ensuring the overall reliability of the system; and 4) constructing a multi-functional intelligent integrated system that integrates thermal insulation, energy storage, energy saving and monitoring functions to expand applications in high-end and green low-carbon buildings.

Objective Unidirectional liquid transfer materials are widely used for developing moisture-wicking textiles that maintain a dry, comfortable microclimate for the wearer. In this study, superabsorbent polymers (SAP) is incorporated into unidirectional liquid transport structures by introducing a functional storage layer positioned above the hydrophilic layer to rapidly capture sweat transported from the skin so that the retained moisture can subsequently evaporate under body heat or ambient conditions. This design enables efficient sweat removal even at high perspiration rates and in humid environments.

Method The prepared unidirectional liquid transport nanofiber membrane with enhanced moisture-wicking comprised three layers, a hydrophobic polyurethane (PU) layer adjacent to the skin, a hydrophilic and moisture-wicking polyacrylonitrile/polyethyleneimine(PAN/PEI) layer in the middle, and a super-absorbent PAN/SAP layer as the outermost layer. These three nanofiber membranes were assembled layer-by-layer by electrospinning. The micro-morphology, water absorption rate, air permeability, unidirectional liquid transport performance, and mechanical properties of the samples were also characterized.

Results In terms of water absorption rate, equilibrium moisture content, air permeability, and moisture permeability, the PAN/SAP nanofiber membrane achieved optimal overall performance at an SAP mass fraction of 3%. Under this condition, the water absorption rate and equilibrium moisture content were 986.5% and 90.8%, respectively. A Janus bilayer membrane composed of a PU hydrophobic layer and a PAN/PEI hydrophilic layer was then prepared to evaluate the influence of hydrophobic layer thickness on unidirectional moisture transport. When the PU thickness was 20 μm, the difference in hydrostatic pressure between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic sides was maximal, yielding the best unidirectional transport performance. Characterization and mechanistic analysis of the sandwich-structure nanofiber membrane indicated that its liquid absorption capacity increased by 143.8% and 129.4%, respectively, compared with the Janus bilayer membrane without a storage layer and with untreated cotton fabric. Furthermore, this study revealed that the spontaneous migration of liquid droplets from the hydrophobic layer to the hydrophilic layer originates from the difference in surface energy. The hydrophobic side possesses higher surface energy, and according to the principle of Gibbs free energy minimization, droplets tend to move toward the hydrophilic region with lower surface energy. During vertical transport, the droplets were jointly influenced by hydrostatic pressure and capillary force. The hydrophilic layer generated a positive Laplace pressure (wetting force), which drove droplet spreading and penetration, whereas the hydrophobic layer produced a negative Laplace pressure (intrusion force), preventing downward permeation. When droplets moved from the hydrophobic layer into the hydrophilic layer, the wetting force promoted horizontal spreading and gradual downward transport. Conversely, during upward transport against gravity, the porous fibrous membrane generated a capillary force that overcomes gravity. Moreover, the Laplace pressure was found to increase progressively from the hydrophobic layer, through the hydrophilic layer, to the water-storage layer, forming a gradient capillary force that drives upward droplet transport. Meanwhile, the intrusion force from the underlying hydrophobic layer effectively prevents backward leakage, thereby achieving unidirectional liquid transport without backflow.

Conclusion A sandwich-structured nanofibrous membrane was successfully constructed by electrospinning, comprising a PU hydrophobic layer, a PAN/PEI hydrophilic layer, and a PAN/SAP storage layer. This multi-layer structure not only exhibits excellent unidirectional moisture transfer but also demonstrates a significant enhancement in liquid adsorption, representing an increase of 143.8% and 129.4% compared with the bilayer Janus nanofiber membrane without a storage layer and pure cotton fabric, respectively, highlighting its great potential for application in moisture-wicking textiles. Mechanistic analysis reveals that droplet migration arises from surface energy differences and a progressive Laplace pressure gradient. This design offers a promising strategy for developing next-generation moisture-management fabrics, with predicted applications in sportswear and personal thermal management.

Objective Polyimide (PI) fibers are widely applied in high-temperature filtration and protection fields by virtne of their excellent thermal stability and chemical resistance. However, the mechanical properties of commercially available PI fibers are often insufficient for high-load applications. Tension heat-setting is a critical post-treatment process to improve fiber performance, yet the evolution mechanism of the hierarchical structure during this process remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the influences of heat-setting time and draft ratio on the aggregation structure (including crystallization, molecular orientation, and microfibril evolution) and mechanical properties of PI fibers derived from 2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole (BIA), p-phenylenediamine (PDA), and 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA). The goal is to establish a process-structure-property relationship to guide the production of high-strength and high-modulus PI fibers.

Method High-viscosity polyamic acid (PAA) solution was synthesized by copolymerizing BIA, PDA, and BPDA in DMAc. PI fibers were prepared by a dry spinning process with a spinneret temperature of 250 ℃ and a winding speed of 200 m/min. The nascent fibers were thermally imidized at 300 ℃ (draw ratio 1.15) and then drawn at 450 ℃ (draw ratio 2.0) to obtain precursor fibers (PI-2). Subsequently, tension heat-setting was performed at 450 ℃ under different conditions: time periods (12, 20, 30, and 60 s) and draft ratios (0.9, 1.0, and 1.1). The chemical structure was characterized by attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The aggregation structure, including crystal parameters and microfibril dimensions, was analyzed using synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Mechanical properties were tested using a single fiber strength tester.

Results FT-IR spectra confirmed that the nascent fibers had a low degree of imidization (35.7%), while fibers treated at 450 ℃ achieved complete imidization. Mechanical testing revealed that the tensile strength and modulus were sensitive to both heat-setting time period and draft ratio. The optimal mechanical performance was achieved at a heat-setting temperature of 450 ℃, a draft ratio of 1.0, and a time period of 20 s. Under these conditions, the tensile strength and initial modulus reached 2.35 GPa and 142.8 GPa, respectively, representing increases of 14% and 8% compared to the fibers without heat-setting, respectively. WAXD analysis indicated that heat-setting significantly improved the crystal perfection and molecular orientation. The appearance of distinct diffraction spots corresponding to the (004) crystal plane of the BPDA-PDA unit confirmed the formation of ordered crystalline regions. The orientation factor increased monotonically with the draft ratio. SAXS results, analyzed using the Grubb model, elucidated the evolution of microfibrils. Under negative draft (0.9 draft ratio), the misalignment angle (B_f) increased significantly, indicating a disordered arrangement of microfibrils due to entropy elasticity. Under positive draft (1.1 draft ratio), the fibers exhibited the lowest average length of microfibrils (l_f), suggesting the best orientation; however, the decrease of l_f is likely due to the breakage of microfibrils under high tension. In contrast, the constant length heat-setting (1.0 draft ratio) facilitated the synergistic effect of thermal and stress fields, resulting in the maximum microfibril length and the most perfect crystal structure, which contributed to the highest mechanical strength.

Conclusion Tension heat-setting is an effective method to enhance the mechanical properties of BIA-modified PI fibers. The evolution of the fiber structure is governed by the competition between molecular chain disentanglement, crystallization, and degradation. While higher draft ratios improve orientation, they may cause structural damage to microfibrils. The constant length heat-setting (1.0 draft ratio) at 450 ℃ for 20 s provides the optimal balance, promoting the growth of long, well-oriented microfibrils and perfect crystals. These findings offer valuable experimental data and theoretical support for the industrial manufacturing of high-performance polyimide fibers.

Objective Bio-based polyamide 56 (PA56) fibers experience photo-oxidative degradation during prolonged ultraviolet exposure. This degradation leads to a decline in mechanical properties and service life, thereby restricting their outdoor use. Enhancing the Ultraviolet (UV) aging resistance of these fibers can prolong their service life in outdoor environments. For this purpose, TDI-TiO₂ composite particles were produced by modifying TiO₂ nanoparticles with toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and TDI-TiO₂/PA56 composite fibers were fabricated. The structure, thermal properties, and UV aging behaviors of the fibers were systematically investigated.

Method TDI was adopted to modify TiO₂ nanoparticles so as to produce TDI-TiO₂ composite particles which enabled the preparation of TDI-TiO₂/PA56 composite fibers by melt-blending and spinning processes. Experiments determined the optimal modification conditions for TDI and TiO₂. The morphology, chemical structure, crystallization behavior and thermal stability of the composite fibers were characterized analyzed. UV accelerated aging tests exposed fibers for 160 h. Subsequent measurements evaluated changes in mechanical properties and specific viscosity, comprehensively assessing the UV aging resistance of the composite fibers.

Results This study modified nano-TiO₂ using TDI. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirmed that TDI grafted onto the TiO₂ surface. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that TDI modification significantly improved the dispersion of TiO₂ in the PA56 matrix, and a TDI to TiO₂ ratio of 1∶10 yielded the best dispersion. During melt-blending, the unreacted isocyanate groups in TDI reacted with the terminal amino groups of PA56 chains to form urea linkages, creating covalent bonds between TiO₂ nanoparticles and the polymer matrix which greatly enhanced TiO₂ dispersion and suppress its photoactivity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests showed that the addition of TDI-TiO₂ lowered the crystallinity of PA56 from 24.8% to 20.9% without altering its crystal structure. (TG) analysis indicated a slight decrease in the thermal stability of the PA56/TDI-TiO₂ composite fibers. Meanwhile, the char residue increased to 1.43 wt%, demonstrating better carbonization ability at high temperature. After 160 h of UV aging, the PA56/TDI-TiO₂ composite fiber exhibited significantly superior aging resistance compared to PA56 fiber or the PA56/TiO₂ blend. Specifically, the modified fiber maintained a tensile strength retention of 45.1%, with an absolute value of 1.84 cN/dtex. This value was significantly higher than that of pure PA56 (1.26 cN/dtex) and the unmodified PA56/TiO₂ blend (1.72 cN/dtex). This represented an improvement in mechanical property retention of 20.8% over the pure PA56 system. Characteristic viscosity measurements revealed that PA56/TDI-TiO₂ fibers underwent the smallest molecular weight loss, decreasing only from 0.521 dL/g to 0.409 dL/g. By contrast, PA56 fibers lost much more molecular weight, dropping sharply from 0.541 dL/g to 0.168 dL/g. FT-IR analysis detected new absorption peaks for oxygen-containing groups (e.g., conjugated imides and carboxylates) in the aged PA56 and PA56/TiO₂ fibers, which indicated photo-oxidative chain scission. In contrast, the FT-IR spectra of PA56/TDI-TiO₂ fibers showed no major new peaks. This confirmed that the modified material effectively resisted photochemical degradation. SEM observations further supported these results, showing that PA56/TDI-TiO₂ fibers developed the fewest surface cracks and micro-pores after aging. In conclusion, the addition of TDI-TiO₂ moderately reduced the crystallinity of PA56 and lowered its initial pyrolysis temperature, but these changes did not impair its melt processing properties.

Conclusion Surface modification of nano-TiO₂ with TDI produces TDI-TiO₂ composite particles, and PA56/TDI-TiO₂ composite fibers are fabricated by melt-blending and spinning these particles with PA56 which resists UV light. TDI modification improves the dispersion of TiO₂ and enhances its compatibility with the PA56 matrix. Although adding TDI-TiO₂ slightly reduces the crystallinity of PA56 and lowers its initial thermal decomposition temperature, it does not harm the melt processing. After 160 h of UV aging, the composite fiber maintains a tensile strength of 1.84 cN/dtex. It retains its mechanical properties 20.8% better than pure PA56 or the unmodified PA56/TiO₂ blend. Its performance is significantly superior. Adding TDI-TiO₂ effectively slows the photo-oxidative degradation of PA56 chains. This result confirms the material's suitability for outdoor applications.

Objective Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers hold great potential for smart textiles by virtue of their excellent biocompatibility, processability, and moisture responsiveness. However, conventional chemical crosslinking for mechanical reinforcement typically compromises hydrophilicity and moisture actuation performance, hindering their use in dynamic wearable systems. Therefore, asymmetric bicomponent PVA fiber was prepared by dual-nozzle wet-spinning, and the mechanical strength and humidity responsiveness of fiber was improved, thereby achieving high-performance moisture actuation smart textiles.

Method PVA spinning solutions were prepared with varying glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking ratios(0.1%, 0.125%, 0.15%, 0.2%), single-component PVA fiber and PVA/GA(PG) fibers were fabricated using a conventional wet-spinning setup. Asymmetric two-component PVA/PG (PPG) fibers were fabricated using a dual-nozzle wet-spinning setup. Fiber morphology chemical structure and mechanical properties surface wettability was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), water contact angle measurement, and tensile testing, respectively. Moisture response time was quantified upon water exposure.

Results The results show that the dosage of the crosslinking agent has a significant impact on the microstructure, chemical structure, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity and wet stimulus response performance of PVA fibers. The dosage of the crosslinking agent significantly increases the tensile stress and strain of single-component PVA fibers. As the proportion of the crosslinking agent increases, the hydrophilicity of PVA decreases. The water contact angle of the PVA film is 47.28°, while that of the crosslinked PG film increases to 70.39°. The PVA and PG were utilized to prepare two-component PVA fibers, which not only overcomes the shortcoming of decreased hydrophilicity, but also solve the problem of incompatibility in different phases. The PVA fiber with asymmetric structure was successfully obtained continuous and structurally stable by dual-nozzle wet-spinning. The mechanical properties of the two-component PVA fibers are excellent, which is attributed to a more uniform structure, a more balanced stress distribution, and the synergistic stabilizing effect of the two components. The wet stimulation response performance is jointly regulated by the crosslinking degree and structure of the fibers. For single-component fibers, as the dosage of the crosslinking agent increases, the response time increases from 26 s to 49 s. This is because the densification of the crosslinking network reduces the hydrophilic groups and limits the movement of molecular chains. In contrast, the two-component asymmetric PVA fiber shows better response performance, especially at high crosslinking degrees, such as an average response time of 27 s, which is 44.9% faster than that of the single-component PVA fibers. The improved responsibility attributes to the asymmetric structure of fiber, which can generate internal stress through different swelling behaviors of the components, thereby compensating for the decrease in hydrophilicity caused by high crosslinking degrees. Moreover, the fabric prepared using asymmetric structure fibers exhibits significant and reversible deformation under wet stimulus. When the fabric absorbs 100% of the water, its length change rate reaches 50%, and it remains stable after three cycles. This is attributed to the strong hydrogen bond interaction between the hydroxyl groups in PVA and water molecules, as well as the promoting effect of the asymmetric structure on the differential penetration of water molecules and the movement of molecular chains.

Conclusion This study provides a new viewpoint to the asymmetric moisture-responsive PVA fiber. The results showed that increasing the crosslinking agent content enhances the tensile strength of the single-component fibers, but reduces their hydrophilicity and prolong the moisture response time. The bicomponent asymmetric structure of fiber not only preserves high mechanical strength but also improves structural stability while significantly shortening the moisture response time. Moreover, the resulting fabric exhibits excellent moisture-actuation shape memory with excellent reversibility. Therefore, this work provides both a material platform and a technical basis for developing high-performance smart textiles, particularly for applications in intelligent thermo-moisture-responsive clothing and adaptive protective materials.

Objective Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) has emerged as a promising strategy for sustainable seawater desalination, yet its practical application is often constrained by inefficient water transport, significant heat loss, and complex fabrication processes. This study aims to develop a biomimetic tree-like evaporator by a simple braiding technique that integrates hydrophilic cotton yarns with carbon fibers of high photothermal conversion efficiency. The objective is to investigate systematically the influence of yarn exposure height (5-20 cm) on evaporation performance and to elucidate the synergistic mechanism between capillary water supply and heat management for structural optimization.

Method Carbon fiber/cotton composite yarns were fabricated using a semi-automatic braiding machine and bundled into three-dimensional evaporators with heights of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm. The surface morphology and wettability were characterized by digital microscopy and contact angle measurement, respectively. The photothermal absorption property was evaluated by UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy across the full solar spectrum (300-2 400 nm). Evaporation performance was assessed under simulated sunlight (1 kW/m²) by real-time mass monitoring. Infrared thermal imaging and wicking height tests were conducted to analyze temperature distribution and water transport capability across different heights.

Results UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy revealed that the carbon/cotton composite yarn exhibited excellent broadband light absorption, reaching 97.0% in the ultraviolet region, maintaining 96.5%-95.0% in the visible spectrum, and retaining 94.5%-91.0% in the infrared region, with an average absorption exceeding 90% across the entire 300-2400 nm range. Infrared thermal imaging demonstrated a distinct temperature gradient along the evaporator height, with top temperatures decreasing as height increased due to enlarged sidewall heat dissipation and prolonged heat conduction paths. Wicking height tests confirmed that water transport time increased with yarn length, indicating greater water supply difficulty for taller evaporators. The evaporator with a 15 cm height achieved the highest evaporation rate of 1.95 kg/(m²·h) under 1 kW/m² illumination, surpassing the 5, 10, and 20 cm counterparts by 48.85%, 17.47%, and 34.48%, respectively. The 15 cm-height evaporator also exhibited excellent stability over 10 h of cyclic operation, maintaining an evaporation rate of approximately 1.99 kg/(m²·h). In salt resistance tests, it retained a high evaporation rate of 1.45 kg/(m²·h) in 15% NaCl solution. When applied to natural seawater from the South China Sea, the system achieved over 99% rejection of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺, with post-treatment ion concentrations meeting the drinking water standards set by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Conclusion This study successfully demonstrates that a three-dimensional evaporator fabricated from carbon fiber/cotton composite yarns, with optimized height, enables high-performance solar desalination through synergistic capillary water supply and thermal managements, providing a scalable and cost-effective textile-based strategy for sustainable freshwater production, with strong potential for application in coastal regions facing water scarcity.

Objective Tungsten trioxide (WO₃) is a promising functional material for both electrochromic devices and lithium-ion battery anodes by virtue of its high theoretical capacity, reversible ion intercalation behavior, and low cost. However, the large volume variation of WO₃ during cycling may deteriorate the structural stability and electrochemical durability. In this work, a sheath-core structured tungsten trioxide-reduced graphene oxide/lithium titanate-MXene (WO₃-rGO/LTO-MXene) yarn electrode was designed and fabricated for integrated lithium storage and electrochromic applications.

Method LTO-MXene core yarns were first prepared by conjugated electrospinning using conductive silver yarn as the core, followed by MXene coating and freeze-drying. Rod-like WO₃-rGO composites were then synthesized by electrospinning and calcination, and subsequently coated onto the core yarn with sodium alginate (SA) as the binder to form the sheath layer. By using conjugated electrospinning technology, LTO nanofiber yarns were obtained with conductive silver yarn as the core yarn. The nanofiber yarns were immersed in the prepared MXene water dispersion for ultrasonic treatment for 15 min. The obtained LTO-MXene nanofiber yarns were subsequently freeze-dried to obtain LTO-MXene nanofiber yarn electrodes. Rod-like WO₃-rGO composites were prepared by electrospinning combined with high-temperature calcination. Subsequently, a WO₃-rGO coating solution was prepared, in which SA/WO₃-rGO/H₂O mass ratio is 1∶5∶100. The mixture was stirred continuously at room temperature for 12 h, and then the core layer LTO-MXene yarn electrode was coated. The morphology and structure of the material and yarn were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their electrochemical and electrochromic properties were tested.

Results It was revealed that the LTO MXene yarn in the core layer presented a dense and regularly oriented microstructure, with MXene layers tightly coated on the surface of LTO. The outer layer of WO₃ micro/nano-fibers was uniformly anchored on the surface of multiple layers of rGO and uniformly coated with LTO MXene core layer, forming a clear pore structure of sheath-core structure yarn. The uniformity of element distribution verified the effectiveness of the composite structure. Electrochemical testing showed that the charge transfer impedance (R_ct) of the yarn electrode was 200 Ω. At a 3C rate, the initial Coulombic efficiency reached 96.93%, and after 120 cycles in the voltage range of 0-2.5 V, the discharge capacity retention rate was 99.64%. The electrochromic test showed that the yarn electrode demonstrated a reversible color conversion (gray → blue → gray) in the -1-1.5 V range. After 100 cycles, the coloring/fading time remained stable at 16.38 s/5.48 s, exhibiting significant RGB value changes.

Conclusion Based on the sheath-core structure design, the WO₃-rGO/LTO-MXene composite yarn electrode was successfully prepared. The sheath-core structure was successfully constructed with MXene-coated LTO fiber porous conductive yarn as the core layer and rod-like WO₃ anchored rGO sheet layer as the sheath layer. The core layer provides high electrical conductivity and mechanical support, while the outer rGO network optimizes electron transport and prohibits volume changes, jointly improving the structural stability and electrochemical performance of the electrode. The high stability is attributed to the zero strain characteristic of LTO, the high conductivity of MXene/rGO, and the synergistic stabilizing effect of the sheath-core structure. This sheath-core structure design effectively integrates high-stability energy storage (LTO-MXene) and electrochromic (WO₃-rGO) functions through a collaborative mechanism of core layer support-outer layer functionalization. It provides a feasible strategy for the development of new high-performance intelligent textile electrodes.

Objective In order to address the technological limitations inherent in conventional jacquard leno weaving, a craft historically constrained by low operational speed (100 r/min), rigid pattern design frameworks, and mechanical incompatibilities with modern production demands, the research targets two critical challenges. One is the tension imbalance between standard ends and doup ends caused by conventional heald configurations, which restricts weaving speed and pattern complexity, and the other is the labor-intensive manual pattern design process that hinders customization capabilities. By reengineering the lifting heald mechanism and developing a matrix-based digital design system, this work bridges the gap between artisanal textile heritage and industry requirements. The elimination of standard heald devices and implementation of a dual warp stop-motion device system represents fundamental mechanical breakthroughs, enabling simultaneous preservation of traditional aesthetics and achievement of industrial-scale productivity.

Method The methodology integrated mechanical innovation with mathematical modeling. A redesigned doup heald device replaced conventional standard shaft using a pressing rod to position doup threads beneath standard threads, reducing heald usage by 50%. A dual warp stop-motion system created three distinct shed types: crossed, open, and plain. Matrix operations (A₁=A₂×A₃) were applied to model fabric structure (A₁), heald arrangement (A₂), and pattern files (A₃), enabling digital pattern generation. Practical validation involved weaving trials with 1∶3 twisted/ground warp ratio using single-layer and triple-weft structures on a 4,800-needle electronic jacquard loom.

Results The comprehensive trials revealed transformative advancements across technical and operational parameters. The redesigned crossed heald mechanism enabled a 120% increase in loom speed, improving operational capacity from 100 r/min to 220 r/min while maintaining continuous stability, with warp tension differentials between standard and crossed warp systems. Matrix-based pattern generation demonstrated exceptional precision, achieving consistency with manual designs for complex 8-end/3-steps weft-faced satin structures, while resolving structural conflicts in asymmetric warp distributions through matrix regularization techniques. Digital methods reduced trial weaving iterations, compressing pattern development cycles for multi-layer fabrics, with computational efficiency improvements allowing simultaneous optimization of six critical parameters (thickness of yarn, weaving speed, warp tension, warp density, pick density, heald lift height, etc.) through matrix parameterization. Structural versatility was evidenced by the system's ability to produce both conventional crossed leno fabric (requiring synchronized 2-axis coordination) and simplified non-crossed variants, the former achieving faster processing through fixed back heald positions. Practical validation across two fabric structures, i.e. single-layer and triple-weft structures, confirmed pattern fidelity on multiple high-speed rapier jacquard loom. The technology demonstrated industrial scalability. In comparative trials, the system enabled seamless integration of leno patterns with conventional jacquard weaves.

Conclusion This research provides a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the structure of the leno Jacquard loom for leno jacquard weaving and establishes a groundbreaking digital-physical framework that redefines leno jacquard production for the smart manufacturing era. It introduces a comprehensive process innovation design for the plastic Jacquard harness, which is most compatible with digital jacquard machines and high-speed rapier looms. The design innovatively modifies the crossing warp device by directly connecting the crossing warp to the warp beam, eliminating the need for the back hook. By adding drop wire device of crossing warp devices of various sizes and utilizing the function of the pressing rod device, it innovatively creates a unique dual-opening structure with open and crossed sheds, as well as a long-distance single-opening structure with a standard shed opening. Additionally, the article innovatively draws the template of weaving draft of leno jacquard fabric for both the crossing warp and non-crossing parts of the leno weaving fabric, deeply analyzing the mathematical relationships among the pattern, heald threading, and pattern card diagrams in these diagrams. It verifies the generation methods and rules of the weaving file through various changes in organizational structures, it tests the digital innovative design theory of leno jacquard weaving fabrics, ultimately achieving industrialization.

Objective Firefighters fighting fire disasters and accidents are facing severe environmental and operational challenges, and the performance of firefighters' clothing is vital. In parallel to the high level performance against fire threat, the comfort of firefighters' clothing is also an important requirement. The purpose of this study is to develop knitted underwear fabrics with comfort for firefighters.

Method Four meta-aramid blended yarns with different components were used as raw materials. Firstly, the basic properties such as linear density, twist, hairiness, evenness and breaking strength of the yarn were tested. Subsequently, the afterburning performance of the yarns was evaluated and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images before and after the combustion were analyzed. The yarn was blended with spandex of different thicknesses to prepare nine aramid blended knitted fire-fighting underwear fabrics. The flame retardant performance was the first important index, and then the thickness, surface density, vertical and horizontal density, air permeability, moisture permeability, breaking strength and elongation at break of the nine fabrics were tested. Based on the test results, the influences of yarn composition and spandex content on the flame retardancy, comfort and mechanical properties of the fabric were discussed, and the influence of spandex content on the porosity of the fabric was analyzed.

Results Z-twisted yarns were produced from blends of meta-aramid, flame-retardant (FR) viscose, FR modacrylic, and conductive fiber, yielding four yarn types with distinct blend ratios. Yarn A was 100% meta-aramid; yarn C was a 60%/38%/2% meta-aramid/FR viscose/conductive blend; yarn D was a 43%/30%/25%/2% meta-aramid/FR viscose/FR modacrylic/conductive blend. Among them, yarn D had the highest fineness (19.7 tex), while yarn C exhibited the highest twist (964 twists/m) and the lowest hairiness, indicating a compact yarn structure. Tensile tests revealed that specific tenacity and modulus increased with meta-aramid content, with yarn A achieving the highest values, consistent with the high strength of aramid fibers. However, absolute breaking force was governed primarily by yarn thickness, since thicker yarns contain more fibers to share the load; therefore, yarn D displayed the highest breaking force. Elongation at break showed no clear dependence on aramid content. As expected from its composition, yarn A demonstrated the best flame retardancy. These yarns were woven into nine fabrics using plain, rib 1+1, twill, and fish-scale loop weaves. Fabric 5^# recorded the shortest warp and weft damage lengths (22 mm and 27 mm), indicating the best flame retardancy. Fabric 6^# showed the highest air permeability (1 236 mm/s), and fabric 1^# showed the highest moisture permeability (7 088 g/(m²·d); both advantages can be attributed to their lower spandex content, which likely created a more open pore network for air and moisture transport. Regarding mechanical properties, the highest warp breaking strength was found in fabric 4^#, the highest weft breaking strength in fabric 9^#, and the highest elongation at break in fabric 5^#. Inorder to examine the influence of spandex, fabrics 1^# (1.67 tex, 4.5% spandex), 2^# (3.33 tex, 8.8%), and 3^# (3.33 tex, 10%) were compared. Fabric 2^# exhibited the best flame retardancy, suggesting an optimal combination of spandex fineness and content exists; both insufficient and excessive spandex contents compromised flame retardancy. These results highlight the importance of carefully tailoring spandex parameters to achieve a balance between flame retardancy and wear comfort in protective fabrics.

Conclusion Among the nine fabrics developed, the rib 1+1 knitted fabric (fabric 5^#) produced from 60% meta-aramid / 38% flame-retardant viscose / 2% conductive fiber blended yarn (yarn C) with 6.9% 4.44 tex spandex exhibited the best-balanced overall performance. The warp- and weft-direction damage lengths were 22 mm and 27 mm, respectively. Air permeability reached 929 mm/s and moisture permeability 5 688 g/(m²·d). Mechanically, the warp and weft breaking strengths were 347 N and 123 N, with elongation at break of 378% (warp) and 1 386% (weft), respectively, satisfying the dual demands of thermal protection and body mobility for firefighter inner layers. Compared with conventional 50% meta-aramid/50% flame-retardant viscose inner fabrics, fabric 5# has a reduced viscose content, aligning better with green manufacturing. Analysis of plain plated knitted fabrics (fabrics 1^#-3^#) further indicated that spandex incorporation has an optimal range: spandex content below 8.8% enhanced flame retardancy by densifying the structure, whereas higher content diminished it, revealing a non-monotonic relationship between spandex ratio and combustion behavior.

Objective The perception mechanism and quantitative characterization of human physiological comfort stimulated by fabric was always one of the difficult problems in the field of textile and garment, but there was still a lack of systematic research on the connection structure between fabric materials and human perception through neural electrophysiological response. Therefore, this research is purposed to study the potential components of somatosensory brain region evoked by fabric tactile were analyzed in detail, so as to improve the neurophysiological mechanism of perceptual science, and provide theoretical reference and research approaches for dynamic, in-situ and quantified comfort characterization of textile materials.

Method The tactile properties of cold and warm sensations of textiles were tested by KES-FB7 system, and event-related potentials technology was employed, which is a non-invasive and high time resolution brain monitoring technology based on electrophysiological reaction. In a relatively quiet experimental environment, the EEG of 20 young volunteers under tactile stimuli from fabrics with different cold and warm sensations was monitored and analyzed by using event-related potentials technology. The contact comfort of the fabric was verified through a subjective questionnaire survey.

Results Based on the results of physical tests and subjective questionnaire surveys, the contact comfort perception results of the fabric's cold and warm sensations obtained by the two methods were highly consistent (Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.98, p=0.00<0.05). Among them, the contact cold sensation (Q_max) value of the silk fabric sample (4^#) was the largest, and the Q_max value of the double-sided plush fabric sample (7^#) was the smallest, respectively, determining them as representative cold-sensing fabric and representative warm-sensing fabric. According to the analysis of the brain electrical activity map, it was found that the response intensity of the brain at 300 ms after receiving the fabric tactile stimulation was the highest. Therefore, the P300 potential was established as the characteristic potential for perceiving the contact cold and warm sensations of the fabric for analysis. The statistical analysis of the amplitude and latency of the characteristic potential results showed that the contralateral brain region and the middle brain region presented positive potential activation responses, while the ipsilateral brain region presented negative potential activation responses. The P300 potential amplitude evoked by the representative cold-sensing fabric was the largest, and the latency was the shortest. The P300 potential amplitude evoked by the representative warm-sensing fabric was the smallest, and the latency was the longest. Moreover, there were significant differences between the two. The correlation analysis results showed that the P300 potential amplitude was highly linearly correlated with the fabric's Q_max value, but in terms of latency, as the Q_max value increased, the latencies of both sides of the brain region shortened irregularly at a fluctuating speed, while the latency of the middle brain region remained relatively stable and shortened at a single exponential decay degree.

Conclusion Because of the asymmetry of the neural transmission pathways for tactile information, the activation responses of the two hemispheres of the brain were opposite. Moreover, as the Q_max value of the fabric increased, the intensity of the stimulation to the human body also increased, and the activation intensity of the brain regions responsible for somatosensory function also increased linearly, manifested as a linear increase in the P300 potential amplitudes. The latency of the P300 potential was usually considered as a time index providing the duration of perception processing. Some studies had also shown that the latency of P300 in the CZ brain region was related to overall cognitive function, showing that as the degree of cold sensation stimulation by the fabric increased, the reaction speed of the human brain increased, resulting in a shortened latency. However, because of the perceptual aftereffect caused by neuronal adaptive fatigue, the human brain reaction exhibited certain delays, lags, and adaptability, leading to a buffering effect on the speed of the P300 potential latency shortening. In short, when the Q_max value began to increase, the brain reacted quickly to the stimulus; but when the Q_max value continued to increase, the reaction time of the brain to tactile stimuli still shortened, but the rate of shortening slowed down.

Objective This study aims to tackle the critical challenge of seam slippage in worsted wool fabrics used for high-end suiting by establishing a reliable predictive model integrating structural parameters and deep learning. The persistent issue of seam integrity undermines both product quality and durability, necessitating an accurate, efficient, and intelligent solution to replace conventional trial-and-error approaches. The objective of this research is to develop a CNN-based framework capable of predicting seam slippage resistance in both warp and weft directions to support fabric development and quality control with higher precision and lower cost.

Method A total of 932 sets of experimental data were collected from worsted wool fabric samples, covering key parameters such as fabric structure, warp and weft densities, raw material, yarn fineness, fabric tightness, yarn twist, and finishing processes. Ultimately, eight core features most strongly correlated with seam slippage resistance were selected as input vectors. A CNN-MLP dual-branch neural network model was constructed, wherein the CNN branch processes image features of the fabric structure, and the MLP branch handles other process parameters. The two types of features were subsequently fused for prediction, generating predicted values for the warp and weft seam slippage resistance indicators, respectively.

Results The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was adopted as the core evaluation metric. The model demonstrated outstanding predictive performance on an independent validation set. The MAPE for predicting warp seam slippage resistance was as low as 7.8%, while that for weft seam slippage resistance reached 6.8%. The prediction errors for both indicators remained at a low level, indicating strong practical value for guiding production.The MAPE curves for the training and validation sets converged and remained closely aligned, with no signs of overfitting, confirming the reliability of the predictions and strong generalization capability of the model. Feature importance analysis revealed that fabric total tightness and fabric structure were the most significant factors influencing seam slippage resistance, together accounting for over 50% of the impact. This aligns well with the mechanical principles of woven fabrics. As the fabric tightness increased, both warp and weft seam slippage resistance were improved significantly. When the tightness increased without a substantial change in the weft-to-warp ratio, both warp and weft densities increased. This resulted in more interlacing points per unit length between warp and weft yarns. Consequently, the seam slippage resistance increases, leading to improved seam slippage resistance in both warp and weft directions.The influence of fabric structure is primarily reflected in the number of interlacing points between warp and weft yarns. A higher number of interlacing points would increase the resistance during seam slippage, causing the fabric less prone to slipping. Additionally, the fulling process also considerably affects seam slippage resistance. Under identical other parameters, fulled fabrics exhibited greater seam slippage resistance compared to non-fulled fabrics by virtue of the felting effect between warp and weft yarns induced by fulling, which enhances inter-yarn friction and reduces seam slippage.

Conclusion This study proposes a novel method for predicting seam slippage resistance in worsted wool fabrics. The CNN branch captures structural features of the fabric weave, while the MLP branch learns the influences of process parameters. The dual prediction heads accurately reflect anisotropy, effectively addressing the challenge of performance prediction under multi-parameter coupling. This enables precise prediction of seam slippage resistance behavior in worsted wool fabrics, providing a reliable computational tool for fabric structure design and process optimization. The model demonstrates not only excellent prediction accuracy and robustness, but also the readiness for integrating into existing textile production management systems or CAD software. It offers real-time, data-driven decision support for process optimization and quality control, indicating high industrial applicability and broad promotion prospects.Future work will focus on collecting larger-scale datasets to further enhance model stability and exploring its transfer learning capabilities across different fabric types. Additionally, efforts will be made to improve the model's adaptability under dynamic working conditions and investigate its integration into full-process smart manufacturing systems.

Objective Glass fiber/phenolic resin composites are widely valued for their cost-effectiveness, mechanical strength, and excellent flame retardancy. However, conventional laminates suffer from delamination and poor durability. In order to overcome these limitations, a novel high-performance composite is designed by integrating phenolic resin with 3-D woven spacer glass fiber fabrics. The obtained 3-D woven spacer composites (3DWSCs) achieve a combination of light weight, high strength, and superior thermal insulation, offering enhanced safety and reliability for fire-resistant applications.

Method Glass fiber 3-D woven spacer fabrics were prepared by a self-made 3-D loom. The fabric was impregnated with phenolic resin by hand lay-up molding method. By compressing the pile yarns to varying degrees, pile yarns can reach to different heights. The compression ratio between the three-dimensional spacer fabrics was set to 1∶0.8∶0.6, ensuring that the thickness of 3DWSCs is 15 mm (3DWSC-15), 12 mm (3DWSC-12), and 9 mm (3DWSC-9). 3DWSCs with different bending shapes of pile yarns are obtained. The influence of the intersection angle of the pile yarn and the angle between the pile yarn and the surface layer on the flat compression performance of the composites were investigated (the cross angles of the pile yarns are 30°, 60°, and 90°). The flat compression performance, flat compression failure mode, heat insulation performance and flame retardant performance of 3DWSC-15 were systematically analyzed.

Results Flat compression performance was significantly influenced by bending shapes of pile yarns. All stress-strain curves showed elastic, failure, and densification stages. As the cross-angle increased and the surface-layer angle decreased, the compression modulus first increased and then decreased, while densification became more prominent. Flat compressive strength was highest for 3DWSC-15 (0.28 MPa), compared to 0.18 MPa for 3DWSC-12 and 0.21 MPa for 3DWSC-9 due to lateral constraints among pile yarns. Specific flat compressive strength of the three samples exhibited similar trends, with 1.49, 0.59, 0.95 MPa/(g·cm^-3) for 3DWSC-15, 3DWSC-12 and 3DWSC-9, respectively. Compressive modulus changed from 6.28 MPa (3DWSC-15) to 1.41 MPa (3DWSC-12) and 2.68 MPa (3DWSC-9). Energy absorption at 30% strain was 0.81, 0.44, and 0.66 J. Failure modes of the three sample were found to be buckling (3DWSC-15), brittle fracture (3DWSC-12), bending with cracking/fiber pull-out (3DWSC-9). Thermal insulation tests showed 3DWSC-15 was the best with balance temperature 45.8℃ and efficiency 54.2%, because the height reduction shortens the heat conduction path, reduces thermal resistance, and accelerates heat transfer. Its heating rate was slowest (9.4×10^-2℃/s). Flame retardancy tests of 3DWSC-15 revealed self-extinguishing, minimal smoke, 3.47% mass loss, and post-fire compressive strength retention of 89.29%.

Conclusion The mechanical and thermal properties of glass/phenolic 3DWSCs can be effectively tailored by controlling the bending shapes of the pile yarns. The results indicate that while moderate bending of pile yarn (3DWSC-12) leads to a reduction in flat compressive strength and modulus due to decreased buckling resistance, further bending (3DWSC-9) can generate effective lateral constraints and synergistic load-bearing effects between the pile yarns, thereby enhancing the overall stability and crush resistance of the structure. As the cross-angle of the pile yarn increases and the angle between the pile yarn and the surface layer decreases, the failure mode shifts from buckling dominant to crushing dominant. The composites exhibited outstanding thermal insulation and flame retardancy, attributable to the abundant air cavities within the 3-D spacer structure and the inherent char-forming ability of phenolic resin. The self-extinguishing behavior, low mass loss, and high residual compressive strength after fire exposure highlight the material's potential for applications requiring both structural integrity and fire safety. These findings suggest that 3DWSCs are promising for use in aerospace, transportation, and building interiors where light-weight, high strength, thermal insulation, and fire resistance are critical. Future work should focus on optimizing the pile yarn architecture and resin distribution to further enhance mechanical performance without compromising thermal properties. Additionally, long-term stability under cyclic thermal and mechanical loads warrants further investigation to support real-world applications.

Objective It is well known that natural starch exhibits insufficient adhesion to hydrophobic fibers and high-temperature thermal stability due to numerous hydroxyls and cyclic structure on its chains. As a result, monoester groups introduced onto starch chains by chemical esterification have the potential to improve the properties of starch. This study aims to strengthen interfacial adhesion of starch to polyester fibers using the new grafted starch (starch grafted two-block polyvinyl acetate, DES-g-(PVAc)₂) for promoting the sizing performance of starch, and providing a new grafted starch sizing agent (DES-g-(PVAc)₂) for warp sizing.

Method Starch was etherified to prepare dibromopropyl starch (DES). Subsequently, graft polymerization of the DES and vinyl acetate (VAc) monomer was conducted by atom transfer radical polymerization in the presence of the electron-transfer-activated regeneration catalyst, So as to synthesize the new grafted starch (DES-g-(PVAc)₂) samples with varying grafting ratios. Characterization was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influences of the grafting ratio on adhesion to polyester fibers, viscosity and viscosity thermal stability, surface tension, film properties, water contact angle of the film, and biodegradability were investigated. The adhesion was studied by measuring the bonding force of slightly sized roving. The measurement included three parts: (a) forming a starch sizing agent, (b) immersing the roving into the sizing agent and then air-drying, and (c) conducting tensile tests of sized roving. The tensile property of the film was estimated.

Results The FT-IR analysis revealed a new peak at 1 719 cm^-1 in the spectra of DES-g-(PVAc)₂ granules, which corresponded to the stretching vibration of ester carbonyl groups, revealing the successful introduction of grafted PVAc-b-PVAc branches onto the starch chains. The XRD analysis showed that the degree of crystallinity of the DES-g-(PVAc)₂ film was lower than that of ATS, meaning that introducing PVAc-b-PVAc branches containing ester carbonyl groups onto the starch chains decreased the degree of crystallinity of the starch film. When VAc monomer mass was 30 g, 45 g, and 60 g, respectively, the grafting ratios achieved for DES-g-(PVAc)₂ were 9.5%, 10.9%, and 12.5%, respectively. The introduction of PVAc-b-PVAc branches enhanced the viscosity the mal stability of the starch sizing agent, reduced its surface tension, significantly strengthened the interfacial adhesion of starch to polyester fibers, increased the elongation at break of the starch film, reduced the film strength, and increased the water contact angle of the film. As the grafting ratio increased, the adhesion force, film elongation at break, and water contact angle gradually increased, whereas surface tension and film strength gradually decreased. The grafting ratio exhibited a negative correlation with the viscosity and biodegradability of DES-g-(PVAc)₂, indicating a slight negative effect. However, even at the maximum grafting ratio of 12.5%, the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅)/chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio remained above 0.3, confirming the biodegradability of DES-g-(PVAc)₂.

Conclusion The introduction of PVAc-b-PVAc branches strengthen interfacial adhesion of starch to polyester fibers, film property, and sizing agent stability, thereby improving its sizing properties. A new grafted starch (DES-g-(PVAc)₂) is provided for the sizing of polyester warp yarns, laying an important foundation for this application.

Objective In order to solve the problem of insufficient water and solvent resistance of linear waterborne polyurethane (WPU) adhesives due to the lack of cross-linking sites, A cross-linking modification strategy was proposed to optimize their comprehensive performance, aiming to develop eco-friendly WPU adhesives and expand their applications in reflective textiles.

Method A cross-linked WPU adhesive was prepared using a prepolymer mixing method, with polycarbonate diol (PCDL) as the soft segment, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) as the hard segments, and glucose as the green crosslinking agent. The influence of glucose mass fraction on the properties of WPU was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mechanical testing, thermogravimetrico analysis (TG) and other methods, and the optimized WPU with organic silane coupling agent (KH560) and transparent paste were incorporated for the preparation and performance evaluation of reflective fabrics.

Results The result showed that glucose was successful in constructing a three-dimensional cross-linked network. As its mass fraction increased, the breaking strength of WPU increased from 6.58 N to 21.47 N, and the elongation at break decreased from 188.08% to 64.87%. The solvent resistance was enhanced, and the water washing resistance was improved by virtue of the compactness of the cross-linked network. Subsequently, the increase in glucose mass fraction caused functional group imbalance, decreased cross-linking efficiency, and many hydrophilic groups remained, resulting in a decrease in cross-linking degree and water resistance. When the glucose mass fraction was 1.0%, the comprehensive performance was found the best, with breaking strength being 10.28 N, the elongation at break 94.11%, and the heat and alkali mass residual rate 80.3%. After applying this WPU to reflective fabrics, the change rate of the reverse reflection coefficient of polyester/cotton fabrics and cotton fabrics after 3 water washing cycles was lower than 2%, while that of pure polyester fabrics increased by 2.55%, demonstrating excellent washing stability.

Conclusion Glucose reacts with —NCO to form a three-dimensional cross-linking network, making the emulsion from transparent to milky white with good stability. In terms of mechanical properties, the breaking strength is improved while the elongation rate decreases. The water washing resistance is superior first and then inferior (the mass fraction of 1.0% is the best), the solvent resistance and thermal stability are significantly enhanced, and the heat and alkali resistance remain stable (the mass residual rate is about 80%). The reflective fabric prepared by optimizing the adhesive composite has excellent performance, with polyester/cotton fabric as the optimal substrate. The fabric is solvent resistant, acid resistant, and washing durable, but not resistant to strong alkalis. The glucose modified WPU adhesive proposed utilizes its multifunctional group to construct a three-dimensional interpenetrating network, significantly improving the mechanical strength and solvent resistance of the film, as well as enhancing the integrity and cohesion of the film formation, thereby strengthening the interface bonding between the coating, reflective microbeads, and fabric substrate. Compared with existing systems, it can anchor microbeads more effectively, greatly improving the reflectivity coefficient and water washing resistance of reflective fabrics, providing a new solution for the environmentally friendly replacement of conventional solvent-based adhesives and the high-performance development of reflective fabrics.

Objective In order to address the market demand for elastic textile finishing and to overcome the instability and performance limitations of polyurethane-silicone hybrid systems, a novel strategy is proposed based on emulsion polymerization, blending, and post-crosslinking to prepare elastic silicone oil emulsions, aiming to develop a stable, effective elastic silicone finishing agent that is capable of providing elasticity for textiles.

Method Within the emulsion system, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) is copolymerized with coupling agents containing epoxy and amino groups, respectively, yielding two types of organosilicon emulsions functionalized with epoxy and amino groups. These two emulsions are then blended and applied to fabric finishing. During the curing stage, the epoxy and amino groups in the emulsion undergo interparticle crosslinking reactions, forming a three-dimensional network that imparts the fabric with elastic handling. The influences of blending ratio and curing temperature on the post-crosslinking reaction were systematically investigated using infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, intending to optimize the emulsion blend composition.

Results When the triethoxy groups of the amino coupling agent were replaced with dimethoxy groups during emulsion copolymerization, the polysiloxane chains transformed from a crosslinked structure to a linear structure, reducing the crosslinking temperature peak of the blended emulsion by 30 ℃. This enabled the development of a low-temperature crosslinking solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis confirmed the successful ring-opening reaction between amino and epoxy groups of the emulsion blends during the high-temperature film formation process. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the maximum crosslinking enthalpy was 25.3 J/g at the mass ratio of E3 to A3 of 1∶1, corresponding to an equimolar functional group ratio of amino and epoxy groups. The crosslinking reaction was sensitive to the curing temperature as well as chain structure. The increase of curing temperature from 120 ℃ to 180 ℃ led to the extent of reaction growing from 24.3% to 93.5%, as a result of enhanced polymer chain diffusion among particles at high temperature. The replacement of crosslinked chain structure amino silicone with linear one resulted in a 30 ℃ decrease in the reaction peak temperature, which benefits the finishing of heat-sensitive fabrics like nylon. The amino-epoxy blended emulsion also showed excellent chemical and disperse stability. The blend emulsion with a 1∶1 mixing was applied to finish polyester fabric, endowing a 45°increment of the elastic recovery angle to the finished fabric.

Conclusion Amino and epoxy functionalized silicone emulsion were successfully prepared by emulsion copolymerization of D4 with amino and epoxy coupling agents. The high efficiency curing reaction between amino and epoxy functionalities occurred during the film formation process of the blend latex at an increased temperature of 180 ℃. The reactivity of the blend emulsion was successfully maneuvered by blending ratio as well as chain structure of amino silicon emulsion. The measurement of reaction enthalpy indicated that the maximum value was achieved at 1∶1 blending ratio. Compared to the blend emulsion engaging amino silicon with crosslinked chain structure, the one blended with a linear chain structured amino silicon exhibited a significant decrease in the curing reaction temperature. The blend emulsion had excellent chemical and shear stability. All the above findings indicated the blend emulsion was applicable for fabric elastic finishing, which was further confirmed by the significant improvement in polyester fabric elastic recovery angle. In conclusion, a new and stable platform was demonstrated for developing high-performance silicone-based finishing agents showing elastic handling.

Objective Currently, with the widespread application of electromagnetic technology, electromagnetic radiation pollution has become increasingly severe, creating a growing demand for lightweight, permeathable, and flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Two-dimensional transition-metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have been extensively employed in the fabrication of flexible EMI-shielding textiles by virtue of their exceptional EMI shielding properties. However, MXene-based fabrics prepared via the dip-coating method often exhibit unsatisfactory electrical conductivity and inadequate electromagnetic shielding performance, which limit their practical applicability. Therefore, improving the overall performance of MXene-based textiles through process optimization remains a critical challenge in current research.

Method Utilizing the inherent reducing capability of MXene, silver nitrate (AgNO₃) was in situ reduced to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which were anchored on MXene nanosheets to construct multilayered MXene/AgNPs heterostructures, significantly enhancing the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding performance of MXene-based composites. While the conventional dip-coating method is a cumbersome and time-consuming process, this study proposes a layer-by-layer assembly strategy for constructing MXene/AgNPs heterostructures on cotton fabric and systematically investigates the influence of three key processing parameters in the dip-coating process on the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the composite fabric.

Results X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the aluminum (Al) layer of the MXene precursor was completely removed and MXene exhibited a well-defined layered structure. The XRD pattern of MXene/AgNPs composites clearly show the characteristic peaks corresponding to the face-centered cube crystal structure of the silver nanoparticles. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that AgNPs were distributed not only on the surface of MXene, but also between sheets of MXene. MXene/AgNPs composite cotton fabrics contain carbon, titanium, silver and other elements, which are evenly distributed on the surface of cotton fabrics, indicating that MXene/AgNPs conductive materials are successfully loaded on the cotton fabrics and form a continuous conductive network. The impedance matching coefficient of MXene/AgNPs is significantly higher than that of MXene, which makes the sheet resistance of MXene/AgNPs composite cotton fabric as low as 41.3 Ω/□, the total EMI shielding effectiveness reaches 27.6 dB, the absorption shielding effectiveness is 21.4 dB, 59.9% and 71.3% higher than that of pure MXene composite cotton fabric, respectively. Shielding effectiveness analysis reveals that the EMI shielding performance of MXene/AgNPs composite cotton fabric originates from the synergistic effect between MXene and AgNPs. Furthermore, the MXene/AgNPs composite fabrics prepared under various impregnation parameters exhibit significantly higher conductivity and EMI shielding performance than MXene composite cotton fabrics, which is attributed to the role of AgNPs as conductive bridges, effectively reducing interfacial resistance, enhancing interfacial polarization and dielectric losses, thereby improving electrical conductivity and electromagnetic wave absorption. Among the impregnation parameters, impregnation mass concentration has the most significant impact on conductivity, followed by impregnation cycles; impregnation time has little effect. In contrast, impregnation time most strongly influences EMI shielding, followed by impregnation, and impregnation mass concentration has the smallest effect. This fabric provides a feasible preparation strategy for flexible wearable shielding materials.

Conclusion MXene/AgNPs composite fabrics exhibit excellent electrical conductivity and EMI shielding properties, primarily by virtne of the synergy between MXene and AgNPs. AgNPs act as conductive bridges between MXene nanosheets, thereby reducing the impedance mismatch between MXene and significantly enhancing dielectric losses. At the same time, the multi-layer heterogeneous interface structure promotes multiple reflection and attenuation of electromagnetic waves, further improving the overall shielding effect. The study of parameter optimization of the impregnation process helps to precisely control the conductivity and EMI shielding properties of composite fabrics, saving material and time costs. This study provides a feasible preparation strategy for flexible wearable shielding materials.

Objective An intelligent method is proposed for extracting clothing specification dimensions from two-dimensional (2-D) human body images, aiming to provide efficient and low-cost technical support for the intelligent production of apparel.

Method The proposed method uses 2D body images as input, and selects 19 key anthropometric parameters as the foundational data. In order to address the complexities of clothing sizing arising from human body curvature, imaging perspective, fabric properties, and style variations, a comprehensive multi-factor correction model is developed. This model systematically integrates three core correction mechanisms, which are the curvature compensation for converting chord lengths to chord lengths along body contours, perspective adjustment for compensating dimensional distortions caused by camera angles, and dynamic ease allocation that considers both garment style and specific body regions. Furthermore, a differentiated fitting strategy is employed to accurately quantify clothing dimensions across various body sections. For body areas with relatively uniform cross-sections, such as the waist and certain parts of the limbs, an elliptical fitting method is utilized. This approach models the body section as an ellipse, and the clothing dimension is derived by uniformly adding the design ease to its semi-major and semi-minor axes before calculating the adjusted perimeter. For irregular or non-uniform body sections, such as the armhole, chest, and hip areas, a feature-adaptive fitting method based on radial expansion is adopted.

Results This technique extends the original body contour points outward along radial vectors from a central point, with the extension magnitude modulated by a dynamic coefficient to allow for non-uniform ease distribution, thereby more accurately capturing the clothing's shape around complex anatomies. The experimental validation involved selecting representative daily clothing styles. The study focused on key measurement areas pertinent to each garment type: bust, waist, shoulder width, sleeve length, and garment length for tops; waist, hip, and length for bottoms; and a combination of these for dresses. In order to rigorously evaluate the method's performance, its results were compared against both physical measurements (treated as ground truth) and estimates made by ten experienced industry professionals (pattern makers, buyers, retail consultants) using a triple-blind assessment protocol. The primary metrics for comparison were the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the mean relative error (MRE).Results demonstrated a significant enhancement in estimation accuracy compared to manual methods. The proposed method achieved an overall MAPE of 3.02% and an MRE of 2.23 cm across all tested clothing and measured dimensions. In contrast, the manual estimation by experts yielded a notably higher MAPE of 8.78% and an MRE of 6.28 cm. A detailed analysis revealed that the method performs exceptionally well for garments with regular, structured silhouettes, where errors for linear dimensions like garment length and sleeve length were often below 1 cm (approximately 1% error). Accuracy remained high for symmetrical lower-body garments in dimensions like hip circumference and inseam length. However, as anticipated, larger errors were observed for circumference measurements (e.g., waist, underbust) in loose-fitting garments like sweatshirts and relaxed dresses, primarily due to fabric drape, folds, and blurred contours in the 2-D images.

Conclusion A novel, image-based framework is prosposed for intelligent clothing size extraction that effectively marries the convenience of 2-D image processing with the incorporation of 3-D body morphological information through parametric modeling and correction factors. It successfully mitigates the subjectivity, inefficiency, and higher error rates inherent in manual estimation while avoiding the high cost, operational complexity, and computational demands associated with mainstream 3-D scanning solutions. The proposed method offers a practical, cost-effective tool for applications such as automated pattern making, personalized size recommendation, and smart manufacturing workflows, thereby contributing to enhanced precision, efficiency, and digital transformation within the apparel industry. Future work will involve expanding the clothing style dataset for training and integrating the framework with advanced deep learning models to further generalize and optimize its performance.

Objective In order to address the low efficiency in conventional clothing pattern making methods and the limitation of existing AIGC-based generation methods which only output images without binding process dimension information, this study aims to develop a method for automatically generating digital clothing patterns with both visual accuracy and production usability, so as to connect the design and subsequent production links (such as grading, marker making and cutting) in the clothing manufacturing process and provide a feasible solution for the engineering application of intelligent garment pattern making.

Method A two-stage pattern generation framework integrating YOLOv8 key-point recognition and parametric dimension constraints was proposed. First, based on the YOLOv8-pose model, optimizations were made according to the characteristics of T-shirt patterns: three groups of anchor boxes (small anchor box 12×12, medium anchor box 24×24, large anchor box 48×48) suitable for the scale of pattern were generated by re-clustering to replace the default anchor boxes. On the basis of the original bounding box loss (CIoU) + key-point loss (MSE), a line consistency constraint loss was added to force key-points to fit the structural lines of the pattern, so as to realize the accurate positioning of the contour and internal structural key-points of the clothing back sheet pattern. Then, a size-driven generation module was adopted to convert discrete key-points into structured patterns. Parametric basic templates were constructed based on clothing pattern making principles, and the coordinates of template vertices were dynamically calculated by input key size variables (such as garment length, half bust, shoulder width, collar width, sleeve length, cuff width). Skeleton alignment and key-point mapping were carried out (including bilateral filtering for denoising, Otsu threshold method for converting to binary images, morphological thinning for extracting skeleton, KD-tree nearest-neighbor search for adsorbing key-points to skeleton lines) to eliminate image noise and recognition deviation. Adjacency matrices were built to quantify topological relationships through connection validity judgment, subgraph division and adjacency matrix generation, so as to convert discrete key-points into structured connections. Finally, smooth contours were generated using quadratic Bezier curves, and a dual-slider interactive mechanism was introduced to realize the dynamic adjustment of size parameters and curve shapes.

Results The experimental results showed that the optimized key-point detection model achieved a key-point localization accuracy (KLA) of 96.8%, which was significantly higher than the original YOLOv8-pose model with an mAP50 of 0.93. The generated T-shirt patterns had a structural similarity index (SSIM) of 0.85 and a key-point connection accuracy (CA) of 96.2%, which effectively ensured the accuracy of the contour and the rationality of the topological relationship. In terms of efficiency, the average time consumption of the entire processing flow was only 1.2 s per pattern (based on NVIDIA RTX 4060 GPU), which was much faster than the conventional manual CAD pattern making that usually takes tens of minutes per pattern. Compared with GAN-based methods (SSIM=0.76) and diffusion-based methods (SSIM=0.82) that only output static images, the output of this method was a parametric and editable digital pattern that could be directly connected to subsequent production links such as grading, marker making and cutting. In addition, through the developed dual-slider interactive interface, users could dynamically adjust size parameters and curve control points, and the system would update the pattern shape in real time, meeting the needs of fine-tuning the pattern in actual production.

Conclusion The proposed automatic generation method for T-shirt patterns integrating YOLOv8 key-point recognition and parametric dimension constraints, effectively solves the problems of low efficiency in traditional pattern making and the inability of existing AIGC methods to output results directly applicable to production. The optimized detection model realizes the accurate positioning of pattern key-points with an accuracy of 96.8%, and the introduction of adjacency matrices to construct topological relationships enables the generation of parametric digital patterns with reasonable structure and smooth contour under size driving. Experiments show that while maintaining high structural similarity and connection compliance rate, the output results of the proposed method can be directly connected to subsequent production links, realizing the effective connection from design to production. The core value of this study lies in providing an intelligent front-end solution for the conventional CAD parametric design process, significantly reducing the professional threshold and manual dependence. Although the current method still relies on predefined templates when dealing with garment categories with very different structures (which ensures the standardization and production usability of the output results), future research will focus on expanding the coverage of the template library and exploring template adaptive generation technology based on few-shot learning, so as to promote the development of intelligent garment pattern making systems towards more universal and efficient directions.

Significance With the aggravation of global warming and the depletion of fossil energy, efficient regulation of environment temperature with low energy consumption has become an important issue to be solved urgently. As a passive cooling method without external energy consumption, radiation refrigeration technology has attracted extensive attention, and has made remarkable research progress in many fields such as building cooling, photovoltaic device cooling and personal thermal management, thus becomes a hot research topic. Based on fiber materials, the designs of structure and components with radiation refrigeration function are reviewed, which not only effectively improve the cooling effect, but also provide a more feasible path for the practical application of radiation refrigeration technology in the field of personal thermal management(PTM).

Progress In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the research of radiation refrigeration nanofiber membranes. Radiation refrigeration fiber materials mainly include infrared radiation polymers (such as PVDF, PMMA, cellulose, etc.) and infrared radiation polymers combined with inorganic materials (such as TiO₂, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, etc.). The size distribution of electrospun nanofibers is consistent with the solar wavelength, which induces Mie scattering effect and enhances the solar reflectivity of the film. However, the polymer has a specific chemical structure, and the mid-infrared (MIR) emissivity of the film at the wavelength of 8-13 μm is achieved by molecular bond vibration and stretching. Among polymer-based membranes, polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofiber membranes are composed of random nanofibers with disordered molecular chains. Compared with non-selective emitters, the cooled temperature at night is increased at about 3 ℃, and it is cooled at 5 ℃ under the sun irradiation. If inorganic materials are compounded with the polymers, the radiation refrigeration effect is further improved, but the wearing comfort of textiles may be greatly reduced. The average reflectivity of PMMA/SiO₂ porous fibers and composite porous films in the solar spectrum band is 97%, the emissivity in the atmospheric window band is over 90%, and the temperature can be reduced by over 5 ℃ during the day. Coaxial electrospinning can effectively overcome the limitations of poor mechanical properties of traditional electrospun fibers by endowing the fiber with a core-sheath structure. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) are used as composite shells, and octadecane is encapsulated as the core phase change material. The solar reflectivity is 95.0%, and the emissivity is 88.6% under their radiation of 550.2 W/m².

Conclusion and Prospect Radiation refrigeration technology is used to prepare fiber membrane through electrospinning, the products from which, demonstrating good cooling effect, have been applied in personal thermal management. Although the electrospun nanofiber membrane based on radiation refrigeration has made remarkable progress in experimental research, its transformation from laboratory results to large-scale industrialization still faces many technical bottlenecks and practical challenges. At present, there are still some problems in the preparation of related materials, such as difficulty in industrial production, low production efficiency, high preparation cost and unsatisfactory durability of materials. In addition, the research is still limited on dynamically adjusted textiles, color radiant refrigeration textiles and multifunctional integrated radiant refrigeration textiles to meet the needs of different groups of people. In the future, the research needs to be further deepened from the aspects of material molecular structure design, spinning process optimization and composite interface regulation, and develop radiation refrigeration fiber products with high performance and wearability to promote its large-scale application in the field of personal thermal management. At the same time, the use of such materials is expected to extend to multiple scenarios such as building energy saving, special clothing, glacier protection, aerospace, automobile interior, cold chain logistics and agricultural greenhouse, leading to acceleration of the all-round popularization and industrialization of radiation refrigeration technology in the living environment.

Significance With the intensification of global warming and the increasing frequency of extreme high-temperature weather, human body is more susceptible to overheating in hot and humid environments, posing significant risks to health, comfort, and productivity. Moisture-responsive textiles, as an emerging class of smart materials, can autonomously sense humidity changes and adapt their structural configurations to optimize personal thermal and moisture management. Compared with woven fabrics, knitted fabrics feature loop-based structures that are inherently flexible, deformable, and permeable, making them particularly suitable for moisture-triggered actuation. Upon exposure to moisture, fiber swelling or deswelling induces reversible loop deformation, enabling dynamic control over fabric porosity and heat dissipation. Therefore, the development of moisture-responsive knitted fabrics holds substantial promise for advancing next-generation intelligent clothing systems that enhance wearer comfort while reducing energy consumption for cooling. This review systematically examines recent progress in this field, emphasizing design strategies across multiple scales and identifying key challenges and future directions for practical implementation.

Progress Recent advances in moisture-responsive knitted fabrics were summarized across fiber, yarn, and fabric scales. At the fiber level, two main strategies are employed, i.e. modifying natural fibers and engineering bicomponent fibers. Chlorination of wool removes scale layers, enabling reversible crimp extension upon wetting, which enhances fabric porosity and reduces surface temperature compared to the dry state. Bicomponent fibers with asymmetric hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity components, such as triacetate-diacetate fibers and polyester-based asymmetric peanut-structured fibers, bend toward the hydrophobic side under humidity due to differential swelling, thereby enlarging fabric pores and improving permeability. At the yarn level, helical structures are fabricated from twisted cellulosic fibers. Double-helix yarns, obtained by self-balancing twisted fiber assemblies, generate reversible torsional actuation that can roll up fabric sleeves during sweating. Single-helix actuators with twist-stable configurations untwist and lengthen in wet states, increasing loop size and fabric porosity for enhanced evaporative cooling. At the fabric level, asymmetric loop arrangements induce directional contraction upon wetting, reducing skin coverage and improving air permeability. Bioinspired artificial pores are created by patterning hydrophilic hydrogels on hydrophobic knitted substrates, and the hydrogel swells upon moisture absorption, opening predefined slits to regulate evaporative cooling. Covalent crosslinking strategies have been developed to enhance the cyclic stability of such moisture-responsive actuators. These multi-scale strategies collectively optimize moisture management through coordinated fiber deformation, yarn actuation, and fabric architecture design.

Conclusion and Prospect Although moisture-responsive knitted fabrics have demonstrated considerable potential in laboratory settings, several barriers must be addressed to enable their transition to practical applications. Firstly, the absence of standardized evaluation protocols hinders cross-study comparisons and obscures critical performance attributes such as tactile comfort, durability, and wearability under realistic conditions. Future work should prioritize the development of comprehensive testing frameworks that incorporate human subject trials across varying sweat rates, environmental conditions, and activity levels. Secondly, the reliance on specialized materials and multistep fabrication processes such as double-helix yarns limits scalability and increases production costs. Simplifying manufacturing routes while preserving responsiveness is essential for industrial adoption. Finally, long-term durability, particularly resistance to repeated laundering and mechanical stress, remains underexplored. Systematic assessments of washing stability and material fatigue are urgently needed. In the futural research, integrating sustainable bio-based fibers, tailoring fabric responses to different sweating intensities, and advancing scalable finishing technologies will be critical. With continued innovation, moisture-responsive knitted fabrics can evolve into affordable, eco-friendly, and durable smart textiles suitable for mass production and everyday personal thermal management.

Significance Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) are indispensable lightweight structural materials for aerospace, new energy vehicles, and wind power, offering exceptional specific strength and stiffness that enable significant mass savings and reductions in carbon emissions. However, their laminated architecture and the inherent brittleness of thermosetting matrices lead to poor interlaminar toughness, making CFRP vulnerable to barely visible delamination under impact or out-of-plane loads. This delamination severely compromises structural integrity, damage tolerance, and service safety, fundamentally limiting broader adoption in primary structures. Consequently, developing efficient toughening strategies that overcome the conventional imbalance between strength and toughness is crucial for both high-performance equipment and achieving carbon neutrality goals through extended component lifetimes. Robust interlaminar toughness is therefore a prerequisite for realizing the full lightweighting potential of CFRP in sustainable technologies.

Progress Recent progress in CFRP toughening has witnessed a shift from single-mechanism approaches to multi-scale synergistic strategies. Matrix modification incorporates elastomers, thermoplastics, or nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes and polyimide microspheres that trigger crack pinning, deflection, and interfacial debonding, substantially raising mode I fracture toughness while preserving thermal stability. Z-direction reinforcement, through 3D weaving, stitching, or Z-pin insertion, creates through-thickness bridging ligaments that resist delamination propagation; surface-structured Z-pins further enhance interlocking and energy dissipation. Interlaminar toughening introduces thermoplastic films, nanofiber veils, or discrete particles between plies, establishing tough interlayers. Films like PEK-C/PES form multiphase morphologies that promote crack branching, while electrospun nanofiber mats, such as PAN with ZnO nanorods, induce hierarchical crack bridging and interfacial mechanical interlocking. Particle interlayers dissipate energy through plastic deformation and crack pinning. Importantly, the combination of these methods into multi-scale, multi-component systems, such as nano-modified fibers and hybrid interlayers integrating nanoparticles with nanofibers, achieves synergistic toughness enhancements that far exceed the sum of individual effects. Bio-inspired designs, mimicking nacre's brick-and-mortar structure or helicoidal architectures, utilize controlled crack deflection and extrinsic toughening to realize exceptional damage tolerance. Furthermore, a transformative shift is underway from passive toughening to active material resilience: self-healing microcapsules and dynamic covalent networks enable autonomous repair of microcracks, restoring mechanical integrity and prolonging service life. Despite these advances, challenges persist in balancing strength and toughness, ensuring uniform dispersion of nano-additives, and simplifying manufacturing for industrial scalability.

Conclusion and Prospect In order to propel CFRP toughening from laboratory innovation to widespread industrial adoption, future research must embrace multi-scale computational design, bio-inspired architectures, and circular life-cycle concepts. Key priorities include: 1) creating integrated computational frameworks that fuse molecular dynamics, finite-element micromechanics, and machine learning to predict the synergistic performance of hybrid nanoparticle/nanofiber interlayers and optimize processing; 2) establishing quantitative structure-property-processing-environment relationships for selecting toughening agents that remain robust under hygrothermal aging, cryogenic conditions, and fatigue; 3) advancing additive manufacturing of bio-inspired hierarchical composites, such as Bouligand and nacre-like structures, with controlled crack-deflection pathways that decouple strength and toughness; and 4) realizing closed-loop recyclability via dynamic covalent networks that enable repeated repair, reshaping, and recycling without compromising mechanical properties. Moreover, by bridging the scales from molecular engineering to structural integration, these strategies will deliver next-generation CFRPs that combine exceptional toughness, lightweight performance, and environmental sustainability, accelerating the transition toward a carbon-neutral economy.

Significance Reactive dyes dominate the dyeing market for cellulosic fibers owing to their wide color gamut, brilliant shades, broad applicability, and favorable color fastness. However, in conventional dyeing processes, reactive dyes are prone to hydrolysis, resulting in the discharge of substantial amounts of unfixed dyes into wastewater, which leads to considerable resource waste and environmental pollution. Low wet pick-up dyeing technology, because of its potential to reduce the input of water and chemical agents at the source, has become one of the key research directions for promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of the textile dyeing industry.

Progress In order to improve the utilization efficiency of reactive dyes, a series of low wet pick-up dyeing technologies have been developed. According to the underlying technical principles and liquor-application modes, such systems can be broadly classified into two main categories, i.e.,the expression-type and topical-type. The expression-type approaches include vacuum dewatering wet steaming, low-moisture pad-bake steaming, and high-pressure air dewatering, and the topical-type techniques include foam dyeing, transfer-application-based dyeing, spray dyeing, and inkjet-based coloration. Among these, foam dyeing has completed the transition from laboratory research to industrial application and is currently in the stage of industrial promotion. Low wet pick-up technologies, such as spray dyeing and inkjet-based coloration, which enable precise control of dye-liquor application, have developed rapidly,and are regarded as important technologies for the green transformation of the textile dyeing and printing industry. It can be learnt from the review that the expression-type low wet pick-up dyeing benefits from an initially high wet pick-up, which facilitates adequate liquor penetration into the cellulosic fiber's assembly and subsequent diffusion of dye molecules into the cellulosic fiber's interior, thereby providing the basis for level dyeing. However, this route presents two major dilemmas. First, although the dewatering stage effectively controls the final wet pick-up, it does not reduce the overall water consumption of the process. Second, the energy consumed during dewatering counteracts the energy savings achieved during fixation. Owing to its inherent high-to-low wet-pick-up profile, the reduction in fixation energy is often offset by the substantial energy demand of the dewatering unit, making net energy savings across the whole process difficult to realize. By contrast, metered-application-type low wet pick-up dyeing is characterized by the precise application of dye liquor at the initial stage. However, unlike conventional pad dyeing, it lacks the full-bath impregnation and nip pressure that promote uniform liquor penetration, thereby limiting subsequent dye transport into the cellulosic fiber's interior. This directly leads to two challenges: insufficient penetration and non-uniform surface distribution. In addition, much of the existing research remains limited to comparisons of macroscopic dyeing performance, such as K/S values, whereas understanding of the underlying transport and distribution mechanisms remains insufficient, which has become a key constraint on the transition from laboratory research to industrial application.

Conclusion and Prospect This paper systematically scrutinized two principal technical routes for low wet pick-up reactive dyeing, namely, the expression-type and the metered application-type route. Future research should focus on synergistic process-equipment innovation, strengthening theoretical research and evaluation systems, and advancing technology integration. The development of low-energy dewatering units, penetration-enhanced metered-application systems, standardized evaluation methods, and digitally controlled adaptive application technologies will be essential for further progress