纺织学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (12): 39-48.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20250601602

• 纺织科技新见解学术沙龙专栏：纤维基功能过滤材料 • 上一篇    下一篇

纤维基分离膜功能改性及应用研究进展

刘青青1,2, 毛晓卉1, 姚焰1, 孙颖1, 陈鱼1, 张霄喆1, 朱丽萍1,2(), 王雪芬1   

  1. 1.东华大学 先进纤维材料全国重点实验室, 上海 201620
    2.清源创新实验室, 福建 泉州 362801
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-09 修回日期:2025-09-12 出版日期:2025-12-15 发布日期:2026-02-06
  • 通讯作者: 朱丽萍(1981—),女,副研究员,博士。主要研究方向为生物基高分子及纤维膜材料。E-mail: zhulp@dhu.edu.cn。
  • 作者简介:刘青青(1996—),女,博士生。主要研究方向为膜表面微纳结构调控及膜分离性能研究。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(52373098);福建省清源创新实验室重大专项资助项目(00122006)

Recent advances in fibrous separation membranes for functional modification and applications

LIU Qingqing1,2, MAO Xiaohui1, YAO Yan1, SUN Ying1, CHEN Yu1, ZHANG Xiaozhe1, ZHU Liping1,2(), WANG Xuefen1   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
    2. Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, Fujian 362801, China
  • Received:2025-06-09 Revised:2025-09-12 Published:2025-12-15 Online:2026-02-06

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摘要：

纤维基分离膜作为一种高效低能耗的分离材料,在环境治理、生物医药及资源回收等领域展现出广阔应用前景。系统综述了纤维基分离膜的功能改性策略,重点探讨表面化学性质及表面物理结构调控与膜分离效率、选择性和稳定性的相互关系,表面化学性质调控方法主要包括接枝、点击反应、官能化反应、缩合反应和原位交联改性,表面物理结构调控方法包括表面结晶生长法、喷涂法、去模板法;介绍了改性对超亲水、超疏水、智能响应润湿性、抗污、耐腐蚀等功能的影响,并从染料吸附、油水分离及蛋白分离等应用角度剖析了改性与膜分离吸附机制的关系。后续针对纤维基分离膜在应用中的瓶颈问题,仍需从材料创新和结构优化等方向进行突破,开发智能响应材料、设计多功能集成是纤维基分离膜的重要发展趋势。

关键词: 纤维基分离膜, 功能改性, 化学性质调控, 物理结构调控, 染料吸附, 油水分离, 蛋白分离

Abstract:

Significance Fibrous separation membranes serve as highly efficient, low-energy separation materials characterized by a porous network structure, which affords higher porosity and specific surface area than homogeneous membranes. Consequently, it is widely used in dye adsorption, oil-water separation, protein separation, and so on. However, these fibrous separation membranes encounter bottlenecks including poor chemical corrosion resistance and insufficient antifouling properties, hindering their ability to meet diverse demands under complex operating conditions. Functional modification has become a major research thrust aiming at addressing these performance constraints. Surface chemical modification techniques - including the grafting of hydrophilic/hydrophobic groups and charge modulation - allow for precise control over the interfacial properties of the membrane. These approaches not only enhance chemical corrosion resistance but also confer superwetting characteristics and improved antifouling performance. Concurrently, surface roughness has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing antifouling properties, separation selectivity, and flux.

Progress Functional modification of fibrous separation membranes via tailored surface chemistry and roughness significantly improves their separation efficiency, selectivity, and antifouling properties, thereby broadening their applicability. Precise adjustment of surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, and charge characteristics further enhances the separation performance. Superhydrophilic modification enhances water affinity to improve anti-fouling properties through establishing a stable hydration layer utilizing hydrophilic materials such as polydopamine, tannic acid, or acrylic acid, which acts as a physical barrier to prevent pollutant adhesion. Furthermore, chemical grafting of charged functional groups (—NH2, —COOH, —SO2H) converts intrinsically non-charged systems into charged systems, enabling efficient electrostatic separation of charged species like proteins, dyes, or metal ions. Surface roughness engineering, typically implemented via techniques including electro-assisted chemical deposition, spray coating, and dip coating, involves constructing micro/nanostructures on fibrous membrane surfaces to optimize physicochemical properties and functional characteristics. For instance, controlled crystal growth on cellulose membrane surfaces creates roughness that increases hydrophobicity, facilitating effective separation of diverse oil/water mixtures. Surface roughness modification can also be realized by altering internal micro/nanostructures within the membrane. Engineering surface roughness to impart specific wettability characteristics proves crucial for developing high-performance separation materials, as this approach not only enhances separation selectivity but also effectively addresses permeability constraints to improve separation efficiency. The combined implementation of surface chemical modifications and roughness engineering further enhances the separation capabilities of fibrous membranes while introducing multifunctionality, effectively meeting diverse application requirements such as dye adsorption, oil/water separation, and protein separation.

Conclusion and Prospect This review systematically examines functional modification strategies for fibrous separation membranes. Chemical modification enables precise regulation of membrane surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and charge characteristics, significantly enhancing separation performance while concurrently imparting anti-fouling functionality. As complements, surface roughness engineering confers specialized wetting properties that effectively improve anti-fouling capability, separation selectivity, and flux performance. Through methodical exploration, substantial performance enhancements have been achieved in critical application domains including dye adsorption, oil/water separation, and protein separation. The review suggests that focuses of future research should be placed on (i) the development of stimuli-responsive materials for adaptive interfaces that dynamically alter surface morphology or chemistry under external stimuli to enhance anti-fouling performance, environmental adaptability, and self-cleaning while reducing cleaning frequency and energy consumption; and (ii) integration of artificial intelligence, such as machine learning and deep learning, to predict membrane properties and optimize structure-performance relationships, enabling precise design of high-efficiency separation membranes.

Key words: fibrous separation membrane, functional modification, chemical property regulation, physical structure regulation, dye adsorption, oil-water separation, protein separation

中图分类号: 

  • TQ051.893

图1

常见表面化学改性策略及制备流程示意图"

图2

表面粗糙度改性示意图"

图3

纤维基分离膜在染料吸附领域应用及机制示意图"

图4

纤维基分离膜在油水分离领域应用及机制示意图"

表1

不同改性方式对纤维基分离膜性能的影响"

改性方式 接触角/(°) 电荷 分离效果 应用 文献
接枝 — 不带电→带正电 对甲基橙的吸附量为70.80 mg/g 染料吸附 [29]
共混 — 不带电→带负电 高效吸附孔雀石绿(735.77 mg/g)、亚甲基蓝(429.31 mg/g)
和结晶紫(607.21 mg/g)		 染料吸附 [33]
接枝 137.4~5.8 — 分离通量由1 390 L/(m2·h)升至6 460 L/(m2·h),
分离效率>99.8%		 油水分离 [16]
去模板法 122.4~0 — 分离通量由995 L/(m2·h)升至1 624 L/(m2·h),
分离效率>95%		 油水分离 [27]
接枝 — 不带电→带负电 可分离BSA/溶菌酶 蛋白分离 [47]
官能化反应 — 不带电→带负电 有效分离BSA/Hb 蛋白分离 [48]

图5

纤维基分离膜在蛋白分离领域应用及机制示意图"

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