纤维表面无机纳米粒子负载及其抗菌机制研究进展

doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20250902402

Abstract

Abstract:

Significance Bacterial infections represent the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with hundreds of millions of cases and tens of millions of deaths occurring annually, posing a significant challenge to the global public health and safety. The proliferation of microorganisms on textile surfaces not only compromises their durability and service life but also poses risks to human health. In this context, antimicrobial textiles have attracted considerable attention for their capacity for effectively impeding the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, and for maintaining personal and public hygiene. There are currently three maijor types of functional nano-antibacterial agents used in textile engineering, i.e., organic, inorganic, and natural nano-antibacterial agents. Among these, inorganic nano-antibacterial agents are extensively employed owing to their stable physicochemical properties and broad-spectrum, multimodal antimicrobial mechanisms. Moreover, these materials could be made to offer additional functionalities such as ultraviolet protection, photocatalytic self-cleaning, and antistatic properties. Such integrated characteristics are the friving forces to the development of multifunctional and intelligent textiles.

Progress The properties, application characteristics, and immobilization strategies on fiber surfaces of inorganic nano-antibacterial agents were comprehensively reviewed. Based on their chemical composition and structure, inorganic antibacterial agents are categorized into metallic nanoparticles, metallic compound nanoparticles, and composite nanomaterials. Among these, nanocomposite antibacterial agents effectively overcome the limitations of single-component agents through synergistic and complementary interactions among multiple constituents, representing a major development direction in the field of antibacterial materials. Currently, commonly used methods for achieving efficient and stable loading of nano-antibacterial agents onto fibers include pad-dry-cure, spraying, sol-gel processing, covalent cross-linking, and in situ reduction deposition. The antibacterial mechanisms of inorganic nano-antibacterial textiles can be broadly categorized into passive and active modes. Passive antibacterial mechanisms include physical damage, metal ion release, and contact-mediated catalysis, while active antibacterial mechanisms involve photothermal and photocatalytic sterilization. In most cases, these mechanisms work in combination to form a multi-level and synergistically enhanced antibacterial system, which collectively contributes to the efficient, durable, and on-demand intelligent antibacterial performance of inorganic nano-antibacterial textiles, thereby broadening their potential applications in medical textiles, smart protective clothing, and related fields.

Conclusion and Prospect Inorganic nano-antimicrobial agents have attracted considerable interest in the textile field due to their distinctive physicochemical properties, broad-spectrum and highly effective antibacterial properties. Researchers have successfully incorporated various types of inorganic nanoparticles onto fiber surfaces through multiple methods, yielding functional textiles with excellent antibacterial performance. However, such inorganic nanoparticles are susceptible to agglomeration, oxidation, or photochemical corrosion, which may compromise their antimicrobial efficacy. Moreover, the binding fastness and durability of these nano-antimicrobial agents on textiles remain insufficient, often resulting in detachment during use and laundering. This not only diminishes antibacterial function but may also raises concerns regarding the release of nanoparticles into the environment, with potential adverse ecological effects. Future efforts should prioritize the development of green manufacturing strategies, such as bio-based nanoparticle synthesis, biodegradable carrier systems, and low-energy deposition techniques, to enhance ecological sustainability and biocompatibility. Furthermore, the integration of antibacterial properties with other functionalities such as sensing, energy conversion, and electromagnetic shielding presents a promising pathway for the development of advanced smart textile materials.

Key words: functional textile, antibacterial finishing, antibacterial mechanism, inorganic nanoparticle, metal ion

CLC Number:

TS195.6

WU Leilei, WANG Qiang, WANG Ping. Research progress in deposition methods and antibacterial mechanisms of inorganic nanoparticles on fiber surfaces[J].Journal of Textile Research, 2026, 47(04): 255-264.

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Figures/Tables 6

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References 49

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类型	典型代表	性能优势	局限性与挑战	适用场景与设计策略
金属纳米粒子	纳米银	广谱高效、应用技术成熟	潜在细胞毒性、离子释放导致环境风险、成本较高	广谱高效抗菌需求的医疗纺织品;通过绿色合成、固定化技术提升安全性
金属纳米粒子	纳米硒	高效抗菌、良好的生物相容性	长期环境行为与最佳工艺参数有待明确	注重生物安全性的贴身、医用纺织品;利用软模板法实现牢固负载
金属化合物纳米粒子	纳米硫化铜	杀菌快速、具有光热治疗潜力	严重依赖外部高能量近红外激光激发	医疗消毒、可控光热治疗等专业场景;通过复合提升光热转换效率
	纳米氧化锌	良好的生物安全性、紫外屏蔽、自清洁	依赖紫外光激发,高浓度或有形貌依赖性毒性	户外抗菌自清洁纺织品;通过元素掺杂等拓展可见光响应
	纳米二氧化钛	化学稳定性高、安全无毒、成本低、自清洁	仅响应紫外光,日常条件下效率低	紫外光充足的户外或特定消毒环境;通过掺杂/构建异质结拓宽光响应
复合型纳米材料	Ag/ZnO, PPy/Ag/AgCl等	性能可设计、协同增效、多功能	组分与结构设计复杂,规模化制备与长效安全性评估挑战大	高性能、智能化、多功能的纺织品;通过精密构筑组分与界面实现性能定制

类型	被动抗菌机制	主动抗菌机制
典型材料	MXene、纳米银/硒、氧化石墨烯、Pt/Pd催化剂	CuS、Au纳米棒、黑磷、TiO₂、C₃N₄及其异质结
能量依赖性	不依赖外部能量输入	依赖外部能量输入
关键杀菌靶点	细胞膜结构、胞内酶/DNA	整体细胞结构、所有生物大分子
作用特点	广谱、持续、作用速度相对较慢	快速、强效,可按需触发
潜在局限性	长期稳定性、离子溶出可能带来环境问题、过度依赖接触效率	需要外部能源、材料的光/热稳定性、可能对组织产生热或氧化损伤
协同增效性	为主动机制开辟通道;提供基础抗菌活性	强化被动机制效果;实现快速清除非接触菌

Research progress in deposition methods and antibacterial mechanisms of inorganic nanoparticles on fiber surfaces

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