Journal of Textile Research ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (02): 195-204.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20250907601

• Dyeing and Finishing Engineering • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Screening of reactive dyes and process optimization for one-bath degumming-dyeing of Apocynum venetum bast fibers

ZHAO Junli1,2, XIAO Yuanshu1,2, CHEN Cheng1,2, LI Shuai1,2, SONG Junyan1,2, SHAN Guohua1,2()   

  1. 1 Key Laboratory of Characteristic Textiles and Clean Dyeing & Finishing Technology of Xinjiang, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
    2 Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Textile of Xinjiang, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
  • Received:2025-09-22 Revised:2025-11-11 Online:2026-02-15 Published:2026-04-24
  • Contact: SHAN Guohua E-mail:sgh_116@126.com

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Abstract:

Objective Conventional two-bath/two-step sequence, namely alkaline degumming followed by reactive dyeing, employed for Apocynum venetum, is featured by high water and energy consumption and heavy effluent loads. Herein, a one-bath integrated degumming-dyeing protocol was developed to achieve more efficient processing of Apocynum venetum.

Method Three different types of reactive dyes, namely, M-type, BES-type and Cibacron-type, were used as dyes in one-bath process, and the reactive dye suitable for the process was screened out. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization was then used to optimize the one-bath process. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed new strategy, the one-bath process was compared with the two-bath process in terms of water consumption, electricity consumption and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of wastewater. Finally, the physical and chemical properties of the treated Apocynum venetum were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction(XRD).

Results Among the three reactive dyes evaluated, M-type demonstrated the best performance in the one-bath process. Optimization via Response Surface Methodology yielded the following conditions: dye concentration 1% (o.w.f), enzyme 1.75 g/L, degumming at 80 ℃, H2O2 (30%) 25% (o.w.f), and dyeing at 60 ℃ for 60 min. These parameters resulted in a residual gum rate of 6.2%, a high K/S value of 3.38, and excellent wash fastness (grade 4-5). The one-bath process showed significant advantages over the conventional two-bath method in reducing water consumption by 38.7%, energy use by 42.5%, processing time by 12.4%, and wastewater COD by 51.8%. Furthermore, the treated fibers exhibited superior mechanical properties, with single-fiber breaking strength increasing to 16.76 cN from 13.05 cN. Physicochemical characterization confirmed effective gum removal and structural changes. FT-IR indicated removal of non-cellulosic components, SEM revealed smoother fiber surfaces, and XRD showed increased crystallinity index from 77.37% to 92.27%.

Conclusion This research successfully established a one-bath degumming and dyeing process for Apocynum venetum fiber using M-type reactive dyes. This integrated approach eliminates intermediate steps, significantly reducing resource consumption, processing time, and environmental impact. The optimized process not only ensured efficient gum removal and high dyeing quality but also remarkably improved the fiber's tensile strength. These findings were corroborated by multiple analytical techniques, confirming the effectiveness and potential of this method as a sustainable and economically viable alternative for valorizing Apocynum venetum fiber.

Key words: Apocynum venetum, degumming, dyeing, one-bath process, reactive dye, microwave pretreatment, response surface methodology

CLC Number: 

  • TS121.8

Fig.1

Schematic of one-bath degumming-dyeing process"

Fig.2

Schematic of two-bath degumming-dyeing process. (a)Deguming; (b) Dyeing"

Fig.3

K/S values of Apocynum venetum fibers dyed by blue reactive dyes under one-bath process"

Tab.1

Dyeing parameters of dyed Apocynum venetum using 3 different red reactive dyes"

颜色 染料类型 染料名称 L* a* b* c* K/S值
M M-3BE 50.09 22.10 -4.33 22.52 2.58
红色 BES BES红 46.44 20.36 -4.07 20.77 3.14
CibacronFN FN-2BL 55.11 14.55 -3.96 15.08 1.60
M M-3RE 58.15 8.92 26.23 27.71 3.12
黄色 BES BES黄 60.41 7.94 24.7 25.94 2.49
CibacronFN FN-2R 60.94 9.66 28.95 30.52 2.85
M M-2GE 44.17 -3.03 -8.27 8.81 3.38
蓝色 BES BES蓝 57.10 -2.90 -8.17 8.67 1.44
CibacronFN FN-R 46.26 -2.22 -11.82 12.03 3.09

Tab.2

Wash fastness of Apocynum venetum dyeed with three types of dyes"

染料
种类		 耐皂洗色牢度/级
变色 沾色
羊毛 腈纶 涤纶 锦纶 棉 醋酯纤维
M 4~5 5 5 5 5 4~5 5
BES 4 4~5 5 5 5 4~5 5
CibacronFN 4 5 4~5 5 5 4~5 5

Fig.4

Influence of biological enzyme dosage on K/S value and residual gum rate of Apocynum venetum"

Fig.5

Influence of degumming temperature on K/S value and residual gum rate of Apocynum venetum"

Fig.6

Influence of H2O2 concentration on K/S value and residual gum rate of Apocynum venetum"

Tab.3

Influence of dyeing temperature on K/S value of Apocynum venetum"

温度/℃ 40 50 60 70 80
K/S值 2.09 2.21 2.43 2.36 2.32

Tab.4

Effect of staining time on K/S value of Apocynum venetum"

时间/min 40 50 60 70 80
K/S值 1.63 1.80 2.02 1.89 2.15

Tab.5

Factors and levels of Box-Behnken test design"

水平 A
双氧水用
量/%(o.w.f)		 B
生物酶质量
浓度/(g·L-1)		 C
染色时间/
min
-1 15.0 1.50 50
0 22.5 1.75 60
1 30.0 2.00 70

Tab.6

Response surface experimental setup and response values"

序号 因素 K/S值
A B C
1 22.5 2 70 2.77
2 22.5 1.75 60 2.76
3 22.5 2 50 2.68
4 22.5 1.75 60 2.75
5 22.5 1.75 60 2.68
6 15 2 60 2.05
7 30 1.75 70 2.78
8 15 1.75 50 2.23
9 22.5 1.5 70 2.37
10 22.5 1.75 60 2.72
11 15 1.75 70 2.43
12 30 2 60 2.89
13 30 1.5 60 2.43
14 15 1.5 60 1.93
15 22.5 1.75 60 2.74
16 22.5 1.5 50 2.15
17 30 1.75 50 2.48

Tab.7

Variance results of experimental factor regression model for one bath experiments"

来源 平方和 自由度 方差 F值 P值 显著性
模型 1.26 9 0.139 5 10.58 0.002 6 **
A 0.470 5 1 0.470 5 35.69 0.000 6 **
B 0.285 0 1 0.285 0 21.62 0.002 3 **
C 0.082 0 1 0.082 0 6.22 0.041 3 *
AB 0.028 9 1 0.028 9 2.19 0.182 2
AC 0.002 5 1 0.002 5 0.189 7 0.676 3
BC 0.004 2 1 0.004 2 0.320 5 0.589 0
A2 0.183 5 1 0.183 5 13.92 0.007 4 **
B2 0.162 2 1 0.162 2 12.30 0.009 9 **
C2 0.007 2 1 0.007 2 0.543 5 0.485 0
残差 0.092 3 7 0.013 2
失拟项 0.088 3 3 0.029 4 29.43 0.003 5 **
纯误差 0.004 0 4 0.001 0
总和 1.35 16

Fig.7

Response surface plots for three-factor interactions. (a) Enzyme dosage and dyeing time; (b) H2O2 concentration and dyeing time; (c) Enzyme dosage and H2O2 concentration"

Tab.8

Chemical composition of Apocynum venetum"

处理
前后		 成分含量/%
脂蜡质 水溶物 果胶 木质素 半纤维素 纤维素
未处理 2.10 14.77 11.72 8.08 10.13 53.20
处理后 0.93 3.82 3.48 6.06 5.75 79.96

Tab.9

K/S value and residual gum rate of fibers after treatment by one-bath and two-bath methods"

工艺 K/S值 残胶
率/%
红M-3BE 黄M-3RE 蓝M-2GE
一浴法 2.58 3.12 3.38 6.28
两浴法 2.79 3.34 3.52 8.35

Tab.10

Breaking strength and fineness of Apocynum venetum fibers after treatment by one-bath and two-bath processes"

工艺 单纤维
长度/cm		 断裂强
力/cN		 断裂伸
长率/%		 细度/
mm
一浴法 3.23 16.76 2.5 20.97
两浴法 3.19 13.05 2.1 21.34

Tab.11

Color fastness to soap washing of Apocynum venetum fibers after treatment by one-bath and two-bath processes"

工艺 耐皂洗色牢度/级
变色 沾色
羊毛 腈纶 涤纶 锦纶 棉 醋酯纤维
一浴法 4~5 5 5 5 5 4~5 5
两浴法 4~5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Fig.8

Comparison of energy consumption and environmental indicators between one-bath method and two-bath method"

Fig.9

FT-IR spectra of Apocynum venetum fiber before and after treatment"

Fig.10

SEM images of Apocynum venetum fiber before and after treatment(×1 000)"

Fig.11

XRD patterns of Apocynum venetum fiber before and after treatment"

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