Journal of Textile Research ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (01): 206-216.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20240103502

• Comprehensive Review • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research progress in tissue engineering scaffolds fabricated by melt electrowriting technology

YANG Liu1,2, DU Lei1(), XU Huaizhong2   

  1. 1. School of Fashion Design & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
    2. Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
  • Received:2024-01-18 Revised:2024-10-09 Online:2025-01-15 Published:2025-01-15
  • Contact: DU Lei E-mail:dulei@zstu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Significance Melt electrowriting (MEW) technology is an emerging and promising additive manufacturing technology that allows for precise control of scaffold structure while maintaining the microscale of fibers. With the assistance of electrical power and collector translation (or mandrel rotation), scaffolds with controllable structures and high-precision can be fabricated. MEW has been demonstrated to have the potential to be used as bone tissue engineering scaffolds, heart valve scaffolds, and vascular scaffolds. The prepared scaffolds exhibit excellent mechanical properties, effectively promote extracellular matrix formation while supporting cell attachment and proliferation. These characteristics facilitate orderly cellular behaviors and differentiation, ultimately enhancing tissue regeneration. In addition, MEW has been combined with other technologies to promote the biological properties of the scaffolds, helping to broaden the scope of MEW applications in the field of tissue engineering scaffolds. This integration improves mechanical strength and broadens the scope of MEW applications in tissue engineering by enabling the creation of hybrid structures with tailored functionalities.

Progress Based on the current MEW technology and fiber forming mechanisms, this paper provides a detailed review of the research progress in MEW technology for the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds. Based on the characteristics of MEW technology, this paper scrutinizes MEW from the aspects of equipment composition, printing regulation, and structural design. The multi-parameter characteristics of MEW and the dynamic relationship between printing parameters directly affect the printing quality. During the printing process, some phenomena affecting the quality of the printed scaffolds, such as fiber pulsing, fiber bridging, and fiber shifting, would occur. In order to avoid these undesirable phenomena, precise printing of tissue engineering scaffolds can be achieved by adjusting the cooperation of each parameter. For the tissue engineering scaffolds, this paper introduces them as planar scaffolds and non-planar scaffolds, in which planar scaffolds are divided into homogeneous scaffolds and heterogeneous scaffolds. The non-planar scaffolds are categorized into tubular scaffolds, which have been a research hotspot in recent years, and scaffolds obtained from other non-planar receiving devices. For the combination of MEW technology with other technologies, this paper mainly introduces the combination of MEW technology with fused deposition modeling (FDM), electrospinning, and hydrogel. For the biological applications of MEW technology, this paper focuses on its use in bone tissue engineering, heart valves, tendons, blood vessels, renal tubules, and other fields.

Conclusion and Prospect To further promote the application of MEW in the field of tissue engineering, this paper covers the research progress in MEW technology in recent years. Owing to its capability to achieve precise control of the scaffold structure at the microscale, this technology has expanded the application of fiber scaffolds in the biomedical field. However, some issues still existo that need to be addressed. 1) Material range: the range of printable materials for MEW is essential. Currently, most of the current research still revolves around the polymer polycaprolactone due to its low melting point and high thermal stability. However, its degradation rate and Young's modulus present compatibility challenges for clinical applications. Therefore, expanding the application of MEW printed polymer is imperative to promote the practical application of tissue engineering scaffolds. 2) Thermal degradation control: controlling the thermal degradation rate of MEW-printed materials remains challenging due to minimal melt extrusion volume and prolonged heating processing. although a filament-based feeding system inspired by FDM printers has been developed, its widespread applicability is yet to be proven. 3) Customization of complex scaffolds: MEW utilizes an electrostatic field to create fibers, but jet initiation time limits design flexibility compared to FDM. Further research is needed on path planning to achieve precise printing of complex scaffolds under uninterrupted jet flow conditions. 4) Clinical validation: although functional scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and heart valve scaffolds have been fabricated, clinical validation has yet to be achieved. The mechanisms underlying tissue repair and the practical application effects of their work still require further exploration and clarification. As the research progresses, it is believed that the MEW technology can be extended to many tissue engineering applications in the coming years.

Key words: melt electrowriting, additive manufacturing, high resolution printing, jet control, tissue engineering, fiber scaffold

CLC Number: 

  • TS151

Fig.1

Melt electrowriting device"

Fig.2

Special phenomena of melt electrowriting. (a)Fiber pulsing; (b)Jet lag; (c)Changes of fiber morphology with collector translation speed; (d)Fiber bridging; (e)Fiber shifting; (f)Fiber sagging"

Fig.3

Different scaffolds and applications. (a)Homogeneous straight scaffold; (b)Homogeneous curved scaffold; (c)Heterogeneous straight scaffold; (d)Heterogeneous curved scaffold; (e)Tubular scaffolds with different structures; (f)Coronary artery tubular scaffold; (g)Heart valve tubular scaffold; (h)Dome structure scaffold; (i)Corneal scaffold"

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