基于人体呼吸力学的柔性可穿戴呼吸监测技术研究进展

doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240101902

Abstract

Abstract:

Significance Breathing, as an important physiological characteristic of humans, can respond to various stressful physiological, psychological, and environmental stimuli. Respiratory rate is an important indicator of human signs in clinical practice, occupational environment, sports activities, and exercise. On the one hand, static monitoring is commonly used nowadays for human respiratory monitoring. Respiratory monitoring equipment has low integration and is inconvenient to move, making it difficult to meet the current consumer demand for a non sensory mobile application of their own respiratory monitoring. This has led to a gradual shift in respiratory monitoring from the conventional inpatient testing to wearable, home based, and mobile monitoring. On the other hand, the respiratory information collection method driven by respiratory biomechanical movements, which involves the fluctuation of the chest and abdomen, has the advantages of comfortable wearing, non-invasive, and multiple monitoring and collection locations compared to the method that requires additional collection devices on the neck and face through the use of respiratory airflow temperature, sound, and so on.

Progress In order to further explore respiratory monitoring methods based on wearable technology, this review article focuses on summarizing and analyzing the principles, integrated positions, performance advantages and disadvantages, and application fields of flexible wearable electrical and optoelectronic respiratory monitoring sensors based on respiratory mechanics from two aspects, i.e. the substrate form and the signal modulation form. In order to promote respiratory monitoring clothing to become a new generation of portable wearable devices, the changes in body undulation caused by respiratory mechanics under different breathing modes, as well as the breathing patterns of different age groups and health conditions were introduced. Breathing is divided into chest breathing and abdominal breathing, and the abdominal breathing emphasizes abdominal movement and more involving the movement of the diaphragm, while the chest breathing involves more movement of the chest wall. Based on the research status of wearable respiratory monitoring technology, this paper focuses on summarizing and analyzing the working principles and advantages and disadvantages of electrical and photoelectric sensors related to flexible wearable respiratory monitoring. This paper reviews the application of flexible wearable respiratory monitoring technology in the fields of healthcare, sports and fitness, and work and life. The core issues of performance and integration limitations of respiratory monitoring sensors have been raised.

Conclusion and Prospect The wearable respiratory monitoring technology that can be monitored in real time has achieved monitoring of respiratory frequency and mode based on respiratory force, electricity and optics, in three application fields: healthcare, national sports health, and occupational health, and has also begun to take shape in terms of marketization. These three areas are also of great significance in addressing social issues related to aging, labor reduction, and overall health improvement. However, intelligent wearable respiratory monitoring technology currently has two important limitations. One is the respiratory monitoring sensor and its technical issues. Electrical and photoelectric sensors produce motion artifacts (i.e., they detect motion signals unrelated to breathing) when monitoring respiratory movements. The methods to solve such problems can be approached from the following perspectives: in terms of materials, flexible dry electrodes can be considered to achieve a close fit between the sensor and the skin so as to achieve accurate monitoring; in terms of signal processing, optimization of transmission algorithms can be considered, and specific filters can be designed in the signal output device to address stability and motion artifacts. The current respiratory monitoring sensors find it difficult to ensure data collection continuity while ensuring high sensitivity. For example, coated strain sensors have high sensitivity, but their repeatability is poor, which can lead to performance degradation and data collection interruption after repeated folding. In the future, optimization of coating materials, coating methods, and sensor packaging materials can be considered. Integration method of respiratory monitoring sensors. The second issue is the wearability of ″respiratory force″ intelligent monitoring devices. Intelligent wearable respiratory monitoring devices usually include various hardware components, and the weight of these components will affect the wearer's wearing comfort. Therefore, optimizing component materials and structures can be considered to reduce equipment weight. Regarding the washability of intelligent wearable devices for respiratory monitoring. Currently, most wearable devices are difficult to wash and clean while ensuring their performance due to the inclusion of electronic components. In order to address this limitation, a reversible disassembly design can be considered to facilitate the disassembly of electronic components and sensor modules, prolonging the service life of wearable respiratory monitoring devices. For the other part of wearable respiratory monitoring devices with waterproof functions, it is still necessary to consider whether the external impact they may encounter during machine washing will affect the performance of the device. In the future, further research and testing are needed on intelligent wearable devices for respiratory monitoring so as to ensure the waterproof performance of the equipment while fully considering the impact of external forces generated during machine washing on the structure and performance of the equipment. Wearable respiratory monitoring technology, as an innovative health technology, has shown tremendous potential in many fields. The combination of respiratory monitoring technology and human respiratory mechanics can accurately monitor and analyze respiratory signals, providing key basis for health assessment and disease diagnosis. With the continuous progress of science and technology and the expansion of application scenarios, wearable respiratory monitoring technology can further promote the development of human health.

Key words: respiratory mechanics, wearable, electrical respiratory monitoring sensor, photoelectric respiratory monitoring sensor, respiratory monitoring technology

CLC Number:

TN29

XU Jun, LU Nan, LI Ting, CHENG Ling, NIU Li, HAO Tianxu, ZHANG Cheng. Research progress in flexible wearable respiratory monitoring technology based on human respiratory mechanics[J].Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(01): 217-226.

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URL: http://www.fzxb.org.cn/EN/10.13475/j.fzxb.20240101902

http://www.fzxb.org.cn/EN/Y2025/V46/I01/217

Figures/Tables 2

Tab.1

Summary of relevant parameters of electrical respiratory monitoring sensors"

基底	特征	材料	机制	集成位置	性能	优点	局限性	应用领域
纤维基	+灵敏度高 +体积小 +灵活性好 -暴露在外的纱线材料易损坏	聚四氟乙烯/镀银锦纶^[15]	胸腔起伏引起传感器拉伸收缩导致电信号发生变化	弹性带	1)灵敏度:1%拉伸应变下输出0.5 V 2)响应时间:5 Hz拉伸频率下为70 ms	自供电;灵敏度高;响应时间快	材料脱落易坏	医疗保健
纤维基	+灵敏度高 +体积小 +灵活性好 -暴露在外的纱线材料易损坏	镀银、未镀银锦纶/ 氨纶^[16]	呼吸引起的纱线张力拉伸导致电阻变化	纺织品	1)灵敏度:小于10%应变下具有优异的灵敏性 2)线性电阻:低于 39.37 Ω/cm 3)回复伸长率:低于21%	相对电阻变化明显;重复性好	需要锁缝工艺,工艺相对复杂	医疗保健、运动健身
织物基	+灵敏度高 +呼吸频率误差小 +灵活衬入 -纱线相互摩擦致材料损坏失效	镀铜镀镍聚酯^[18]	呼吸产生的机械变化引起电容变化	服装	呼吸频率误差: 健康受试者和慢性阻塞性肺患者分别为0.01和-0.14次/min	准确性好; 成本低	需考虑使用者数据可变性	医疗保健
织物基	+灵敏度高 +呼吸频率误差小 +灵活衬入 -纱线相互摩擦致材料损坏失效	聚苯胺^[19]	呼吸引起的线圈摩擦拉伸导致电阻变化	服装	灵敏度:6%应变和10%应变下的敏感因子分别为7.49和7.85	电阻率降低; 稳定性好	直接对织物原位聚合导电处理	运动健身
薄膜基	+灵敏度高 +重复性好 +弹性贴身 -凝胶类容易水分消失致基底变硬	聚偏二氟乙烯^[20]	呼吸对压电薄膜施加作用力导致输出电压变化	弹性基底	1)灵敏度:0.24 V/N,最小能检测0.05 N力 2)响应时间:4 ms 3)呼吸频率误差: 0.004 Hz	灵敏度高; 响应时间短; 重复性好	凝胶类基底易变硬	医疗保健、运动健身
薄膜基	+灵敏度高 +重复性好 +弹性贴身 -凝胶类容易水分消失致基底变硬	改性多壁碳纳米管/聚氨酯^[23]	呼吸引起胸腔周长发生变化导致电阻变化	弹性基底	1)断裂伸长率: (301.5±8.2)% 2)压阻灵敏度: 4.282 kPa^-1 3)压阻重复性误差:小于±6.63%	柔性好; 重复性好	需通过铜制子母扣固定	医疗保健、运动健身

Tab.1

Tab.2

Summary of relevant parameters of photoelectric respiratory monitoring sensor"

信号调制	特征介绍	材料	原理	集成位置	性能	优点	局限性	应用领域
波长调制型	+灵敏度高 +体积小 +抗电磁干扰 -易受环境温度影响 -需用波长解调设备 -多数量分布式测量	光纤布拉格光栅^[27]	在光纤中特定位置制造具有周期性折射率变化的光栅区域,将反射特定波长的光	弹性带	应变灵敏系数: 1.03×10^-6	多点测量、灵敏度高	易受环境温度影响	工作生活
		光纤布拉格光栅^[29]	在光纤中特定位置制造具有周期性折射率变化的光栅区域,将反射特定波长的光	弹性带	检测准确率: 97.187 5%	准确率较高; 系统简单;成本低;抗电磁干扰	正常呼吸误判为屏息的概率最大	医疗保健
		聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯芯聚合物光纤^[30]	光在弯曲部位时发生入射角突变,导致光线从纤芯向外部环境传播	热塑性聚氨酯(TPU) 弹性基底	呼吸频率监测精度误差:小于 2次/min	柔性好、重复性好	迟滞误差率较大	医疗保健、运动健身、职业健康
强度调制型	+抗电磁干扰 +结构简单 +成本低 +不受环境温度影响 -易受光源强度波动影响	聚合物光纤^[33]	光在弯曲部位时发生入射角突变,导致光线从纤芯向外部环境传播	塑料薄片	最大弯曲灵敏度: -5.76 dB/m	平均误差低	基底刚性大,舒适性差	医疗保健、运动健身
		聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯芯聚合物光纤^[31]	光在缺口处发生泄漏,导致光线从纤芯向外部环境传播	纺织品/ 服装	光强损耗度:提高到38.61%;呼吸频率监测精度误差:在1.2次/min内	灵敏度高、精度高、制作工艺简单	易受光纤距离的影响	运动健身
		聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯芯聚合物光纤^[40]	利用光在光纤之间的耦合效应实现对外界应变压力检测	纺织品/服装/弹性带	呼吸频率监测精度误差:不超过 2次/min	精度较高、稳定性较好	光纤输出光强易受光源强度波动的影响	运动健身

Tab.2

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Research progress in flexible wearable respiratory monitoring technology based on human respiratory mechanics

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