聚丙烯腈预氧化纳米纤维的构效关系及其应用研究进展

doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20250706802

Abstract

Abstract:

Significance Pre-oxidation (stabilization) of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers represents a critical technological nexus for advancing high-performance functional materials. As a versatile precursor to carbon nanomaterials, PAN nanofibers offer exceptional specific surface area, adjustable porosity, and mechanical robustness. However, their inherent limitations, including solvent-induced swelling in polar environments and energy-intensive carbonization causing structural defects, restrict its direct application in harsh conditions. Pre-oxidation addresses these challenges by transforming PAN's linear molecular chains into thermally stable ladder-type aromatic structures via controlled thermo-oxidative reactions. This intermediate (pre-oxidation PAN, oPAN) emerges as a standalone material with superior chemical resistance, flexibility, and functional adaptability. Its significance spans environmental remediation (e.g., oil/water separation, heavy metal capture), energy storage (battery separators), catalysis, and flame retardancy, positioning oPAN as a sustainable enabler for next-generation technologies operating under extreme conditions.

Progress In terms of pre-oxidation techniques, innovations in oxidative processing have expanded beyond conventional air-/liquid-based methods. Plasma-assisted oxidation accelerates cyclization kinetics while etching fiber surfaces to enhance porosity. Ultraviolet radiation reduces initiation temperatures by generating radicals that promote dehydrogenation. Microwave processing enables rapid, uniform heating, lowering reaction temperatures and minimizing defects. These methods address traditional drawbacks of long processing times and inhomogeneous ″skin-core″ structures. Relating to structural engineering, hybrid modifications optimize oPAN's functionality. Graphene oxide coatings improve thermal conductivity, enabling homogeneous cyclization. Block copolymers and pore-forming agents create (hierarchical) pores, boosting specific surface area and providing a foundation for carbon-based electrodes. Chemical pre-treatments introduce functional groups that enhance adsorption. Regarding terminal applications, oPAN nanofiber membrane has found active or passive efficient separation of various oil-water systems in harsh environments and serve as an efficient catalyst for volatile organic gas pollutants in the air/Suzuki coupling reaction, based on its excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, high porosity, large specific surface area, resistance to harsh environments, and designability. It can also be used as an adsorbent for various heavy metal ions and dyes in wastewater, and particulate matter in the air, a lithium/zinc ion battery separator with excellent ionic conductivity and cycling performance, and a potential candidate for flame-retardant thermal insulation products.

Conclusion and Prospect Pre-oxidation transforms PAN nanofibers into thermally/chemically resilient oPAN with dual utility: as a carbon fiber precursor and a functional end-product. Advanced oxidation strategies (plasma, microwave) and structural modifications (e.g., pore-formers, copolymers) have significantly enhanced cyclization efficiency, porosity control, and application performance. oPAN excels in demanding environments, evidenced by its high-flux separation membranes, robust battery separators, and recyclable catalysts. Challenges in the future include scalability of advanced oxidation techniques (e.g., plasma, irradiation), deep understanding of quantitative links between pre-oxidation parameters (temperature ramp rates, retention, tension) and nanoscale structural evolution, long-term stability of functionalized oPAN under real-world conditions (e.g., acidic wastewater, high-voltage cycling). Future directions of oPAN nanofiber include the following. 1) Employing multiple monitoring techniques to elucidate the real-time structural evolution kinetics during PAN cyclization, quantifying and establishing the correlation between the pre-oxidation process and the multilevel structures of fibers. 2) Expanding and investigating the compatibility and coupling effects of advanced oxidation technologies (e.g., plasma, UV irradiation), integrating process strategies to simultaneously achieve multiple objectives such as low-temperature (<200 ℃) efficient cyclization and structural uniformity. 3) Developing an artificial intelligence-guided multi-field coupled multi-zone pre-oxidation furnace capable of precise thermal analysis and tension control to facilitate rapid pre-oxidation and eliminate radial inhomogeneity. 4) Integrating the manufacturing process of oPAN with the goal of reducing environmental pollution and achieving green production. Interdisciplinary collaboration between academia and industry is vital to translate lab-scale breakthroughs into scalable, economically viable oPAN technologies for global sustainability challenges.

Key words: textile material, polyacrylonitrile, nanofiber, pre-oxidation, catalyst, oil-water separation, battery separator, flame retardant and heat-insulating

CLC Number:

TS159

LIANG Junming, XU Xianpei, FEI Pengfei, DI Youbo, LI Fu. Research progess in structure and property relationships and applications of pre-oxidized polyacrylonitrile nanofibers[J].Journal of Textile Research, 2026, 47(05): 244-253.

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URL: http://www.fzxb.org.cn/EN/10.13475/j.fzxb.20250706802

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Figures/Tables 4

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References 70

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方式	介质	氧化剂	工艺特征	适用性
气相预氧化	气体氛围	空气等氧化性气体	优点:工艺简单、易调控缺点:能耗高、时耗长	普适性高、应用面广
液相预氧化	有机溶剂	氧化性溶剂	优点:氧化均匀性好、工艺和缓缺点:溶剂局限,药耗大	技术有效性强、应用面较宽
固相预氧化	固体表面	空气等氧化性气体	优点:高速、低耗、经济缺点:氧化均匀性差、纤维易受损	技术稳定性弱、应用面窄

Research progess in structure and property relationships and applications of pre-oxidized polyacrylonitrile nanofibers

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