纺织学报, 2025, 46(05): 70-76 doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20241204502

特约专栏: 智能纤维与织物器件

生理电信号监测用导电纤维及其研究进展

张泽祺1,2, 周涛1,2, 周文琪1,2, 范中尧1,2, 杨佳蕾1,2, 陈国印,1,2, 潘绍武1,2, 朱美芳1,2

1.东华大学 材料科学与工程学院, 上海 201620

2.东华大学 先进纤维材料全国重点实验室, 上海 201620

Research progress in conductive fibers for electrophysiological signal monitoring

ZHANG Zeqi1,2, ZHOU Tao1,2, ZHOU Wenqi1,2, FAN Zhongyao1,2, YANG Jialei1,2, CHEN Guoyin,1,2, PAN Shaowu1,2, ZHU Meifang1,2

1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China

2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China

通讯作者: 陈国印(1994—),男,副研究员,博士。主要研究方向为光/电功能纤维。E-mail: chengy@dhu.edu.cn。

收稿日期: 2024-12-19   修回日期: 2025-02-9  

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1201302)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1201300)

Received: 2024-12-19   Revised: 2025-02-9  

作者简介 About authors

张泽祺(2000—),男,博士生。主要研究方向为智能纤维材料及柔性器件。

摘要

导电纤维具有轻量化、高比表面积、结构可设计性及导电性优异等优点,可用于生理电信号的监测,从而在生物医用领域获得了广泛关注。为此,基于材料科学和制备技术的发展革新,概述了无机导电纤维、有机导电纤维和有机/无机杂化导电纤维在成形方法及理化性质方面的研究进展,总结了体表穿戴、体内服役等场景下导电纤维对心电、脑电、肌电等生理电信号的监测能力及其适用性。并展望了该领域所面临的挑战以及未来发展方向,为高精度信号采集用导电纤维的结构、功能设计及其在医疗领域应用等方面提供一定的参考。

关键词： 导电纤维; 生理电信号监测; 结构设计; 生物医用; 功能纤维

Abstract

Significance Physiological electrical signals reflect electrical activities generated by cells or tissues within the body indicating the functional status of organs and tissues. The accurate recording and analysis of these signals play a crucial role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of various diseases. Advancements in medical diagnosis and treatment, particularly in the fields of brain neurology, sports science, and cardiac health, have propelled physiological signal monitoring to the forefront of current research. Furthermore, developments in materials science and fabrication techniques have significantly enhanced electrode materials used for signal acquisition. In order to achieve high signal-to-noise ratios and superior spatiotemporal resolution, it is crucial to optimize the structural and functional properties of neural electrodes. Conductive fibers possess several advantages, including light weight, high specific surface area, structural designability, and excellent conductivity. These properties make them ideal for monitoring physiological electrical signals, thereby garnering significant attention in the field of biomedical applications.
Progress This review is based on the advancements in materials science and preparation technologies. It summarizes the research progress of inorganic conductive fibers, organic conductive fibers, and organic/inorganic hybrid conductive fibers in terms of formation methods and physicochemical properties. Compared with conventional metal-based or silicon-based physiological electrodes, conductive fibers exhibit superior performance by providing clearer and more stable electrophysiological signals, attributed to their high sensitivity, light weight, and high degree of customization. Therefore, in the design of conductive fibers, current research trends are progressively shifting towards multi-component and multi-structure systems. For instance, by integrating the functional and structural advantages of organic materials (such as polymers) with those of inorganic materials (such as metals, metal oxides, graphene, etc.), these advanced designs aim to better address the requirements of practical applications.
Furthermore, this review comprehensively evaluates the monitoring capabilities and applicability of conductive fibers in various scenarios for physiological signals, including electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, and electromyograms, both invasive and non-invasive monitoring and recording. Non-invasive electrodes adhere to the skin surface to continuously detect and record physiological signals over extended periods. In contrast, invasive electrodes require implantation within the body to directly contact nerve tissues or individual neurons, enabling more precise monitoring and recording of electrophysiological activities in specific tissues or organs. However, this also imposes more stringent requirements on the biocompatibility of conductive fibers. Through flexible structural design and multi-functional integration, conductive fibers can be optimized as an ideal choice for physiological monitoring applications.
Conclusion and Prospect This review provide an outlook on the current challenges and future development directions of conductive fibers, offering valuable insights into the structural and functional design of conductive fibers for high-precision signal acquisition and their medical applications. With advancements in materials science and nanotechnology, conductive fibers for physiological signal monitoring are poised to drive the development of wearable technologies and implantable medical devices. Furthermore, conductive fibers are expected to play an increasingly critical role in telemedicine, personalized health management, and neuroscience research.

Keywords： conductive fiber; electrophysiological signal monitoring; structural design; medical application; functional fiber

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本文引用格式

张泽祺, 周涛, 周文琪, 范中尧, 杨佳蕾, 陈国印, 潘绍武, 朱美芳. 生理电信号监测用导电纤维及其研究进展[J]. 纺织学报, 2025, 46(05): 70-76 doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20241204502

ZHANG Zeqi, ZHOU Tao, ZHOU Wenqi, FAN Zhongyao, YANG Jialei, CHEN Guoyin, PAN Shaowu, ZHU Meifang. Research progress in conductive fibers for electrophysiological signal monitoring[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(05): 70-76 doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20241204502

生理电信号是指一类由生物体内的细胞或组织产生的电活动信号, 可以反映器官和组织的生理状态。通过一定的手段方式对其记录和分析,有助于各种疾病的诊断和治疗,例如心血管疾病、脑部神经类疾病和肌肉功能障碍等,并为患者的健康状况和临床治疗效果评价提供反馈信息[1-2]。

近年来,随着脑神经科学、运动科学及心脏健康等医学诊疗方面的发展,生理电信号监测已成为当前该领域的重要研究热点。同时,在材料科学和制备技术的发展背景下,用于采集信号的神经电极材料也得到了多方面发展,通过生物体内部或外部的神经电极,可以记录跨越多个时间和空间尺度的定量数据,包括脑电图(EEG)、心电图(ECG)、肌电图(EMG)、局部场电位(LFPs)以及单个神经元的峰值活动(AP)等[3-4]。为获取高信噪比、高时空分辨率的电信号,优化神经电极的结构与功能至关重要,而导电纤维因其独特的小型化和轻量化、结构可设计及导电性等优点,成为神经电极和智能器件开发的理想选择,能够在更少干扰自然生理活动的情况下,实现高精度的神经电信号记录,推动了神经科学以及生物医学等领域的发展[2,5-6]。

本文聚焦于导电纤维的理化性质,从电极分类、原料选择、结构设计以及应用探索方面入手,系统综述了导电纤维在生理电信号监测中的研究进展并展望了该领域当前所面临的挑战以及未来发展方向。为高精度信号采集用导电纤维的结构、功能设计及其在医疗领域应用方面提供一定的理论参考。

1 导电纤维的分类及其制备

传统生理电极组成材料包括贵金属(即金、铂和铂/铱合金)和晶体硅等,其制备工艺成熟并已获得广泛应用。然而,由于这些材料力学模量较高(几十到几百GPa),与生物软组织(如脑组织模量为1~100 kPa,表皮组织模量为10~50 kPa)之间存在力学性能不匹配,极易引起组织炎症及损伤,限制了其在长效生理信号记录方面的应用[7-8]。

与金属或硅基电极材料不同,本文所综述的导电纤维由无机材料(如石墨烯,碳纳米管等)、导电高分子(如聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩等,如图1所示)制备而成,具有质量轻、柔韧性好的优点,通过与生物组织的紧密接触,减少信号失真和噪声干扰,从而提供更清晰、更稳定的生理电信号[9-11]。此外,导电纤维可以通过灵活的结构设计和功能集成,适用于不同类型的可穿戴设备和植入器件,成为生理监测应用的理想选择[12-13]。

图1

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图1   导电纤维分类

Fig.1   Classification of conductive fibers


1.1 无机导电纤维

无机导电纤维主要包括碳纳米管纤维、石墨烯纤维,具有较高的电导率及结构、功能稳定性,可以保障电极材料在不同使役环境中生理电信号的准确性和稳定性[14-15]。石墨烯纤维具备高导电性、力学柔韧性和生物相容性,是神经元记录和刺激的一种重要材料[16]。Wang等[17]通过湿法纺丝制备石墨烯微纤维,并通铂涂层修饰将石墨烯的电化学特性和铂的电子特性集成到微电极中,而不限制其力学柔韧性和高比表面积。石墨烯微纤维的低阻抗和多孔结构赋予其优异的电荷注入能力(10 mC/cm 2),能够在小至单个神经元的区域内检测神经元活动。

碳纳米管作为神经电极具有诸多优势,包括优异的导电性能以及长期稳定性,且制备工艺成熟,可通过湿法纺丝、化学气相沉积等方法进行规模化制备[18]。Lu等[19]使用直径为5~20 μm的碳纳米管(CNT)纤维制备与核磁共振成像兼容的柔软神经电极。可以精确定位特定脑区,记录高质量生理电信号。与坚硬的金属电极相比,能够连续监测大鼠的单个神经元信号长达4~5个月,且无需重新定位电极,同时大大降低了脑部炎症反应。Qian等[20]将刚性二维缺陷石墨烯纳米片集成在柔性CNT纤维上,设计了一种自适应、可拉伸和生物相容的碳烯纤维神经电极,可定制成各种复杂形状,也可在很宽的范围(0.5~600 kPa)内定制模量,类组织模量的设计减少了对生物体的影响,有利于生理电信号的长期监测。

1.2 有机导电纤维

有机导电纤维因其柔韧性和生物相容性,在生物医学工程领域备受关注。通常由导电聚合物(如聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩等)与有机纤维基材料结合而成[11]。与无机导电纤维相比具有更高的柔韧性和顺应性,有利于适应人体轮廓和接触组织器官,确保更好地采集不同位置的生理电信号[21]。

Xu等[22]采用湿法纺丝制备纯聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)-聚(苯乙烯磺酸)(PEDOT:PSS)纤维,具有高导电性、快速异质界面的电子传递以及良好的电荷存储和注入能力,因此不仅可直接作为微电极进行电生理记录,还可对神经微电路活动进行电调控。然而导电聚合物在常见溶剂中溶解性较差,且纯导电聚合物较低难以满足实际应用需求。因此可通过与可溶性聚合物共混的方法制备导电纤维,Xu等[23]通过湿法纺丝制备D-山梨醇/PEDOT:PSS纤维神经电极,可以灵敏记录躯体感觉刺激和癫痫发作时的大脑活动。为基于导电聚合物的神经电极构建提供了一种简单、可控的策略。

此外,基于离子导电的有机导电纤维凭借其独特的导电机制,在柔韧性、环境适应性等方面表现出优势。Zhao等[24]通过调节质子供体和受体的序列来调节分子的静电相互作用,制备了一种力学性能优异的黏性水凝胶纤维,优良的离子电导率使其可用于肌电信号和心电信号监测,为生物电极、脑机接口和可穿戴电子设备等领域提供新的设计思路。

1.3 有机/无机杂化导电纤维

杂化纤维通过特定的工艺和技术,结合有机材料(如聚合物)与无机材料(如金属、金属氧化物、碳材料等)功能与结构上的优势,从而赋予纤维优异的导电性能和其它物理特性[25]。在生理电信号采集方面,杂化纤维可以整合导电、绝缘和生物相容材料,以优化信号检测、舒适性和耐用性,通过各种材料的组合实现更好的信号保真度,以满足实际应用需求[26-27]。

为获取高质量生理电信号,同时将组织损伤降到最低,需实现力学性能与电学性能之间的平衡。Lu等[28]采用热拉伸工艺制备聚合物纤维,然后涂覆微米厚的导电银纳米涂层,以制备柔性且可拉伸的探针,实现脊髓局部场电位信号记录。Won等[29]通过原位化学还原法吸收金前驱体,制备金纳米颗粒掺杂的聚氨酯导电纤维,在1 kHz时阻抗为2.88 kΩ,电导率为7.68 × 104 S/m,弹性模量为170 kPa,与脑组织的弹性模量(约为100 kPa)相当。

在杂化纤维中引入水凝胶基质可以显著提升纤维的多功能性和适应性,是有机/无机杂化导电纤维未来研究应用的主要趋势。Peng等[30]开发了一种微纤维状神经探针,核层为碳纳米管纤维,鞘层为海藻酸钙凝胶。植入生物体内后,鞘层凝胶吸水,该神经探针的弹性模量可从10 GPa降至10 kPa,接近脑组织的弹性模量。同时,水凝胶基质内可以加入各种纳米级材料,在保持力学适配的前提下扩展其功能。例如Rao等[31]在聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶交联过程中引入导电CNT。通过酸化促进聚合物链相互作用以及力学拉伸促进CNT 在聚合物基质中的分散,确保与 PVA链的缠结从而增强了导电性,可以对自发的与光刺激下的生理电信号进行稳定记录。

2 导电纤维用于生理电信号的采集

当前,导电纤维已广泛应用于神经科学研究、生物医学工程等前沿领域。灵活的纤维电极设计是确保获取高质量生理电信号的重要因素,导电纤维可以通过器件设计应用于不同场景领域,包括侵入式与非侵入式(见图2)[4]。非侵入式电极通过贴附表皮的方式,长时间检测记录EEG、EMG和ECG等生理电信号。而侵入式电极需借助医学手段植入生物体内,接触神经组织甚至微小的神经元,用于监测和记录特定组织或器官的电生理活动[6,32]。

图2

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图2   导电纤维对不同生理电信号监测

Fig.2   Monitoring of different electrophysiological signals by conductive fibers


2.1 非侵入式生理电信号采集

非侵入式神经电极具备较低的风险性,无创的生理电信号记录形式更易被接受以及普及应用。但是三维结构的皮肤组织增加了电信号采集的难度,高接触阻抗导致记录信号的振幅和信噪比较低,难以精确定位深层的电生理活动,影响生理信号记录的准确性和一致性。而导电纤维微型的结构导致较低的空间分辨率,可通过适当的结构设计和材料选择来改善。

Gao等[33]制备了一种具有高柔韧性的导电针形碳纤维干电极,针尖进一步加工成碳纤维刷毛,并在表面进行金电镀处理,从而减少皮肤与干电极之间的接触阻抗,其平均值为133 kΩ。其能够在对皮肤影响较小的情况下对毛发区域的脑电图进行记录与分析。干电极易于集成到外部设备中,但缺乏固定在皮肤上的黏附性能。Chang等[34]将丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺有机水凝胶均匀涂覆在干燥纤维电极的表面,获得具有良好皮肤顺应性、界面黏附性和生物相容性的导电复合纤维,减轻了干燥纤维电极的运动伪影,可应用于日常穿戴心电图设备。Chang等[35]基于热塑性弹性体苯乙烯-乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯制备了一种导电弹性纤维电极,该电极具有低阻抗(大于4×104 Ω)和优异的拉伸性,可以通过编织技术开发可穿戴心电系统,用于长期ECG监测。

2.2 侵入式生理电信号采集

侵入式神经电极可以按照应用需求,通过有创的方式植入特定的生物体器官或组织内部,从而提取到生物体内部的生理电信号,并实现稳定的信号记录。相比于非侵入式电极具有更高的空间和时间分辨率,在医疗诊断和治疗、脑机接口和康复医学等领域具有重要应用价值[36]。根据植入深度可进一步细分为半侵入式和全侵入式电极。

2.2.1 半侵入式电极

半侵入式电极可以共形附着在器官的复杂三维表面,如大脑表面(即硬脑膜)或颅骨内。导电纤维由于其独特的结构更易贴合,当器官在生理活动中变形时,仍能保证信号传输的稳定。Chen等[37]设计了一种具有快速响应能力的纤维有机电化学晶体管,通过涂覆PEDOT:PSS形成垂直通道,具有较高的力学性能、电稳定性以及良好的生物相容性。皮下植入大鼠后可以捕获振幅为12 mA、心室搏动间隔约为0.2 s的心电图谱,在连续监测长达7 d后,振幅没有显著变化。证明该纤维电极具有长期电生理诊断的能力。Hu等[38]采用溶剂置换和多级氢键增强的策略,连续制备了一种导电离子凝胶纤维,以PVA为固态弹性相,纤维素纳米纤维为增强相,深层共晶溶剂为液体离子导电相,用作监测表面肌电图信号,此外将纤维电极包裹在坐骨神经周围,可以清晰记录复合神经动作电位,且增加刺激电流强度后检测的电位峰值更加明显。

2.2.2 全侵入式电极

全侵入式电极通常需要植入真皮层下,可放置于特定的神经元或神经组织上,极大程度地增加了与组织的接触面积,减少了噪音干扰,提高了信号记录质量。Wang等[39]制备了一种多通道植入式氧化铱神经探针,较高的电荷存储容量(39.6 mC/cm2)使其具备优越的电生理记录和神经刺激性能,实现了对同一神经元放电长达4周的持续跟踪,并在电刺激期间成功捕获了瞬时群体尖峰。

实现多通道对同一神经元群体的稳定记录,对于理解神经元的动态功能和脑机接口等实际应用具有重要意义。然而免疫系统以及生物体的运动特性使刚性植入器件易造成组织损伤,并影响电极材料长期的信号记录。因此为满足体内长期服役的需求以及信号质量的稳定性,微量化及柔性化设计的导电纤维得到广泛应用,通过不断优化电极设计和植入技术,可进一步提高信号传输能力和保障患者的安全性。Won等[29]制备了一种由金纳米颗粒掺杂的聚氨酯纤维神经探针,具有优异的电学性能和接近脑组织模量的力学性能。因此成功应用于记录麻醉状态下小鼠海马区的神经信号,获得了高信噪比(3.1和4.2 dB)的单个神经元峰值。植入生物体内4个月后仍可以对自发和诱发的生理电信号进行稳定记录。Wang等[17]选择石墨烯纤维作为柔性基底,低阻抗和多孔结构提供了强的电荷注入能力,附加薄铂层可以有效地沿着微电极传输收集到的信号。植入大鼠大脑皮层的微电极可以检测到信噪比为9.2 dB的单个神经元活动。

此外,在生物体剧烈活动下会导致强烈的大脑变形,使得神经元的信号提取和记录仍是一大挑战,因此需要满足低模量、低界面阻抗和高电导率的条件,以实现稳定的脑机接口连接和高质量的神经信号监测。例如,Tang等[40]制备了一种液体网络结构的PEDOT:PSS导电凝胶纤维,能够稳定追踪中型动物深脑部的单个神经元活动信号。将带有16个通道的神经纤维束植入猫的视觉皮层后,该纤维束记录了猫在自由移动和跑步状态时的生理电信号,并稳定跟踪记录单个神经元活动的峰值,可作为复杂条件下的神经生物学研究的可靠工具,进一步拓展了侵入式神经电极的应用领域。

3 结束语

尽管导电纤维在生理电信号采集方面相较于传统金属基或硅基电极具有一系列优势,包括增强信号采集连续稳定性、易于功能结构集成等,但仍有部分关键问题亟需解决,例如导电性与力学性能之间的平衡、长期稳定及耐用性等,以确保理论研究与实际应用的匹配。

随着材料科学和纳米技术的进步,导电纤维逐渐由刚性材料向柔性材料、单功能监测向多功能集成过渡。为满足导电纤维在可穿戴器件、生物体内长期服役等场景需求,需要进一步优化其力学性能和生物相容性,实现更加微型化和智能化的设计,从而减少生理电信号监测过程造成的组织创伤和免疫反应。此外,多功能集成是导电纤维用于临床试验的重要需求,结合无线通信和大数据分析等技术,生理信号监测用导电纤维将推动可穿戴技术和植入式医疗设备的发展进步,在远程医疗、个性化健康管理以及神经科学研究中发挥更大作用。

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