Journal of Textile Research ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (03): 245-255.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20240402502

• Comprehensive Review • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research progress in sizing agent systems for continuous basalt fibers

SUN Jingyu1, ZHANG Jianwei1,2, YANG Chao3, SHE Xilin1(), LIU Jiaqi1,2   

  1. 1. Schoo of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
    2. Institute of Basalt Fiber in Eco-Application, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
    3. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
  • Received:2024-04-10 Revised:2024-11-12 Online:2025-03-15 Published:2025-04-16
  • Contact: SHE Xilin E-mail:xlshe@qdu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Significance Basalt fibers (BFs) exhibit excellent mechanical properties, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, environmental friendliness, and low cost, which have been widely used in the engineering field, and the performance is mainly affected by the fiber composition structure and the sizing agent system. For basalt with defined composition, the sizing agent not only avoids defects and damages of BFs in the process of being stretched but also improves the compatibility of fiber and resin. The current sizing agent systems for BFs are the same as those used for glass fibers (GFs) or carbon fibers (CFs). Although the composition of BFs is similar with glass fibers in some degree, BFs are different and special from GFs and CFs, and therefore it is crucial to develop a special sizing agent system for BFs.

Progress Five main sizing agent systems which are epoxy resin (EP), polyurethane (PU), epoxy/polyurethane, silane or modified silane, organic/inorganic composite system, used for continuous BFs are reviewed. According to the different main components of the film forming agent in the sizing agent system, the interfacial interaction between the sizing agent, BFs and the matrix and the performance of the composite material are summarized by systematic and comparative methods. Epoxy sizing has become the main sizing agent by virtue of its low cost, excellent performance and easy usage. Self-emulsification technology is the key technology of EP sizing. However, epoxy resin is brittle after curing, so toughness polyurethane emulsion appears. Polyurethane slurry is only widely used in a few fields due to its poor mechanical properties and low solvent resistance. EP and PU composite sizing agent system can combine the advantages and overcome their disadvantages. The abundant reactive groups in the system, such as isocyanate groups, amino groups, and epoxy groups, can react with each other and further react with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface of pretreated BFs, and these properties provide high efficiency for EP/PU infiltration. All the above three systems have poor heat resistance, and the general method for increasing the heat resistance is partial cross-linking or increasing the molecular weight. Silane or modified silane sizing agent system can combine the two functions of coupling and film forming in one. Thank to the presence of silicon, it has better heat resistance than other systems. However, the surface energy of the organic film is low, so an organic/inorganic hybrid sizing system is prepared. This is a very promising system with excellent properties that combines mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding interactions between BFs and the matrix. Some new sizing agent systems are also introduced including the starch-phosphate, polypropylene and ionic liquid sizing systems, which are non-mainstream but with great potential.

Conclusion and Prospect Conclusively, the design principles, challenges and future development prospects of continuous BFs sizing agent systems are discussed so as to provide a certain reference for the expansion and deepening of BFs application fields. Actually, several general sizing agent systems of continuous BFs can be designed specifically for several types of matrixes, such as plastics, including thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers, rubber, asphalt, and cement, and so on. This would allow BFs treated with sizing during fiber-drawing to be used directly without removal of the drawing sizing agent and re-modification before weaving or compositing. Further, although many fiber modification methods have shown excellent performance, these techniques are only in the laboratory and there is still a long way to go from laboratory to industrial production. In conclusion, there is great potential in the research on a special sizing agent system for continuous BFs although it is currently still in its early stage.

Key words: basalt fibers, special sizing agent, epoxy resin, polyurethane, epoxy resin/polyurethane, silane or modified silane, film forming agent

CLC Number: 

  • TQ343.4

Fig.1

Number of documents published in Web of Science from 2010 to 2023"

Fig.2

Application of EP latex in composites. (a) Interface model of epoxy resin and silica; (b) Interface enhancement mechanism between CF and EP matrix; (c) Reaction of MEE; (d) Schematic diagram of stable and unstable Pickering lotion formed from polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles on dodecane droplets"

Fig.3

Schematic diagram of interface of composite using PU as sizing agent"

Fig.4

Chemical reaction formulas between EP and fiber surface, PU and fiber surface, and EP and PU"

Fig.5

Preparing mechanism diagram of EP/PU composite"

Fig.6

Reinforcement performance of silane with different chain structures"

Fig.7

Nanofillers added to organic/inorganic hybrid sizing agent. (a) EP/SiO2 (zero-dimensional) coating on BFs surface (EP matrix); (b) EP/CNT(one-dimensional) coating on surface of BFs; (c) PU/graphene(two-dimensional) coating on surface of BFs (PA6 matrix); (d) Film of MOFs deposited on PP nonwoven textiles"

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