纺织学报, 2026, 47(07): 82-92 doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20260303502

第二十八届中国科协年会学术论文·减污降碳共性技术突破专栏·

纤维素气凝胶在建筑节能领域中的应用研究进展

刘荷1,2, 赵石磊1,2, 刘赋瑶1,2, 马军3, 白媛3, 樊威,1,2

1 西安工程大学 纺织科学与工程学院, 陕西 西安 710048

2 西安工程大学 功能性纺织材料及制品教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710048

3 陕西元丰新材料科技有限公司, 陕西 西安 710025

Applications of cellulose aerogel in building energy efficiency field

LIU He1,2, ZHAO Shilei1,2, LIU Fuyao1,2, MA Jun3, BAI Yuan3, FAN Wei,1,2

1 School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China

2 Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials and Products, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China

3 Shaanxi Yuanfeng Prosafe Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710025, China

通讯作者: 樊威(1986—),男,教授,博士。研究方向为先进纤维与多维纺织复合材料设计与制备。E-mail:fanwei@xpu.edu.cn。

收稿日期: 2026-03-13   修回日期: 2026-04-30  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目(12472141)
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2025SYS-SYSZD-101)
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2025CY-YBXM-533)
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2025CY-YBXM-449)
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2025GH-GHJD-030)

Received: 2026-03-13   Revised: 2026-04-30  

作者简介 About authors

刘荷(2000—),女,硕士生。主要研究方向为废旧纺织品循环利用。

摘要

建筑围护结构是建筑热量交换的主要部位,其热损失在建筑能耗中占较大比例,提高围护结构保温性能对降低建筑能耗、实现节能减排具有重要意义。然而,传统保温材料在热工性能,环境友好性及综合性能方面仍存在不足,难以满足绿色低碳建筑发展的需求。纤维素气凝胶作为一种新型生物基多孔材料,具有来源广泛、密度低、孔隙率高和热导率低等特点,同时具备可再生和环境友好等优势,在建筑节能领域展现出良好的应用潜力。系统梳理了纤维素气凝胶的主要制备方法及性能改性策略,进一步归纳了纤维素气凝胶在墙体、屋面及门窗等建筑围护结构中的应用形式及保温效果。阐明了纤维素气凝胶在降低建筑围护结构传热系数、减少建筑热损失方面的作用及提升建筑能源利用效率方面的成效。同时,针对其在工程应用中的关键问题,分析了纤维素气凝胶在力学性能、耐久性及规模化制备等方面面临的挑战。最后,结合建筑节能与绿色低碳发展需求,对纤维素气凝胶在绿色低碳建筑保温材料领域的发展趋势与应用前景进行展望,以期为其工程化应用与推广提供参考。

关键词： 纤维素气凝胶; 建筑节能; 围护结构; 保温隔热; 功能改性; 绿色低碳建筑

Abstract

Significance The building envelope is the main carrier of indoor and outdoor heat transfer. In actual use, heat loss from walls, roofs, doors and windows is the main factor causing building energy consumption. Therefore, improving the thermal insulation performance of the building envelope is a key measure to improve building energy efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and promote low-carbon and green development of the construction industry. Conventional insulation materials generally have obvious deficiencies in thermal performance, environmental friendliness and long-term service durability, thus are difficult to adapt to the high standards of modern green buildings. As a new green bio-based porous material, cellulose aerogel has outstanding characteristics such as wide source of raw materials, ultra-low density, low thermal conductivity, renewable and degradable, and so on. It is a new generation of high-efficiency building insulation materials with great application potential. In-depth research on its applications in the field of building energy efficiency can effectively promote the upgrade of envelope insulation technology and provide a new and effective path for sustainable, low-carbon and high-quality development of buildings.

Progress Cellulose aerogel has excellent properties such as renewability, biodegradability, and low thermal conductivity, and has significant advantages in the field of new thermal insulation materials. Its raw materials are widely available from low-cost biomass resources such as agricultural and forestry wastes and waste cotton textiles. It can achieve efficient resource recycling, significantly reduce environmental load, and have outstanding sustainability. In recent years, researchers have carried out much work on overcoming performance shortcomings. Through various strategies such as structure control, component compounding, and chemical modification, the mechanical strength, use safety, and long-term durability of cellulose aerogels are significantly improved, making them gradually meet the stringent application requirements in complex service scenarios of construction projects. At the same time, cellulose aerogel combined with functional materials achieved diversity, high-efficiency and energy-saving. Combined with phase-change materials, it can achieve efficient heat storage and stabilize indoor temperature fluctuations, and integrated with radiant refrigeration materials, it can achieve passive cooling under strong sunlight conditions, effectively reduce air-conditioning energy consumption, and further improve the overall energy efficiency of the building. In addition, transparent cellulose aerogels have been successfully used in light-transmitting components such as doors, windows, skylights, and glass curtain walls to achieve excellent thermal insulation effects while ensuring high visible light transmittance. Through energy consumption simulation and building performance analysis, it has been confirmed that cellulose aerogel has significant advantages in improving the thermal performance of the building envelope and reducing the total energy consumption of the building, and has huge application potential.

Conclusion and Prospect Cellulose aerogels are of great significance in promoting low-carbon development and energy conservation and efficiency improvement in the construction industry. In order to realize its large-scale engineering applications, it is necessary to develop low-cost preparation technology and carry out directional modification according to the actual needs of construction. At present, cellulose aerogels mainly rely on supercritical CO2 drying and freeze-drying technology to produce, which requires large equipment investment and high energy consumption, seriously restricting its large-scale promotion. Therefore, there is an urgent need to optimize existing preparation processes and develop cost-effective, scalable production technologies in the future. Based on the actual service environment of the building, future research should focus on four major directions: 1) improving the mechanical and structural stability, enhancing pressure-bearing and creep resistance capabilities, and meeting the structural safety needs of the building for long-term service; 2) strengthening environmental adaptation and durability through integrated modification of hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, weather resistance, and corrosion resistance, so as to adapt to complex working conditions such as heat and humidity, salt spray, and so on; 3) optimizing the interface bonding performance, improving the compatibility and bonding strength with the building base material, and ensuring the overall reliability of the system; and 4) constructing a multi-functional intelligent integrated system that integrates thermal insulation, energy storage, energy saving and monitoring functions to expand applications in high-end and green low-carbon buildings.

Keywords： cellulose aerogel; building energy efficiency; building envelope; thermal insulation; functional modification; green and low-carbon building

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本文引用格式

刘荷, 赵石磊, 刘赋瑶, 马军, 白媛, 樊威. 纤维素气凝胶在建筑节能领域中的应用研究进展[J]. 纺织学报, 2026, 47(07): 82-92 doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20260303502

LIU He, ZHAO Shilei, LIU Fuyao, MA Jun, BAI Yuan, FAN Wei. Applications of cellulose aerogel in building energy efficiency field[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2026, 47(07): 82-92 doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20260303502

在全球能源形势日益紧张以及我国“双碳”战略背景下,建筑节能对于提高能源利用效率、降低碳排放量具有重要意义[1-2]。建筑保温材料能通过降低建筑热量损失提升能源利用效率,其综合性能直接影响建筑节能技术的应用效果[1]。通过在墙体、屋面、地面及门窗等围护结构中应用建筑保温隔热材料,可以有效降低结构热导率,减少室内外热量交换,从而减轻供暖与空调系统负荷,降低建筑整体能耗[3]。

长期以来,建筑工程中广泛采用聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)、挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(XPS)、聚氨酯泡沫(PU)、岩棉以及玻璃棉等传统保温材料降低建筑能耗,这些材料在我国建筑节能发展过程中发挥了重要作用[4-5]。然而,随着应用场景的不断拓展以及建筑节能标准的持续提升,传统保温材料在安全性、环境友好性、轻质性及耐久性等方面的局限性逐渐显现。例如,EPS、PU等石油基有机材料易燃且会产生毒烟,难以自然降解,生产和使用过程会对环境造成污染[6-7];岩棉、玻璃棉等无机纤维材料虽具备良好的阻燃性,但存在密度大、吸水率高及易粉化的问题,长期使用易发生性能衰减和结构变形,且部分产品的热导率偏高,无法满足日益严格的建筑节能的要求[8];此外,多数传统保温材料在长期服役中易出现老化、开裂、脱落等现象,影响建筑安全与节能效果[9]。

因此,开发兼具绿色环保、阻燃、轻质、疏水等特性的保温隔热材料,已成为建筑节能领域的重要发展方向[10]。气凝胶材料具有低密度、高比表面积和低热导率等特点,在建筑隔热方面展现出巨大的潜力。然而,无机气凝胶固有的脆性限制了其力学耐久性。纤维素气凝胶作为一种以天然纤维素为原料构筑的生物基多孔材料,凭借可再生、可降解、密度低、热导率低等突出优势,成为最具发展潜力的绿色保温材料之一[11-12]。相比于传统石油基气凝胶材料,纤维素气凝胶的原料来源丰富,包括木材、秸秆、棉花以及废旧纺织品和农业废料等,具备显著的资源优势与环境友好性[13]。此外,纤维素气凝胶还具备一定的声学性能[14],可有效吸收声波,降低室内噪声,实现保温与隔声双重功能。纤维素分子链上含有大量羟基,易于化学改性与物理复合[15],可针对性解决传统材料的安全与耐久性等问题。近年来,国内外学者围绕纤维素气凝胶的制备改性、性能优化及建筑应用开展了大量研究,为其在建筑节能领域的实际应用奠定了基础。

1 纤维素气凝胶的制备及改性

1.1 纤维素气凝胶的制备

纤维素气凝胶的制备主要包括溶胶-凝胶过程和水凝胶干燥过程2个关键步骤,其基本原理是利用纤维素分子链上大量羟基易形成氢键的特征,通过构建三维网络结构形成凝胶体系。通过调控凝胶交联机制与干燥方式,可获得具有不同微观结构和性能的气凝胶材料。因此,溶胶-凝胶过程和水凝胶干燥工艺是影响纤维素气凝胶形貌特征(如:孔隙率和比表面积)的关键因素[16]。

溶胶-凝胶过程是气凝胶形成三维多孔结构的基础。目前纤维素气凝胶的制备方法以溶胶-凝胶法为主,同时辅以水热法、氧化还原法等方法。按交联机制不同,可分为物理交联和化学交联2种类型。物理交联法主要适用于天然纤维素或再生纤维素,通过分子链之间的氢键作用和范德华力实现胶粒聚集,无需引入额外交联剂,具有工艺简单、环境友好等优点;化学交联法则多用于羟基含量较低的纤维素衍生体系,需加入交联试剂或引入金属离子,通过化学键或配位作用构建稳定的三维网络结构[17-18]。

水凝胶干燥过程直接关系到气凝胶结构的完整性,目前常见干燥方法主要包括常压干燥、冷冻干燥和超临界干燥,常压干燥因操作简单、成本较低而被广泛应用,其原理是通过升温使溶剂逐渐蒸发,但在干燥前通常需要利用低表面张力溶剂对凝胶中溶剂进行置换,或加入萘等助剂填充孔隙,以减少毛细管力导致的结构坍塌。然而,该方法溶剂置换周期较长,且部分溶剂可能对凝胶结构产生影响。冷冻干燥则通过将凝胶中的溶剂冷冻、并在负压条件下使其升华实现干燥,由于不存在液-气界面的表面张力和毛细管力作用,可较好保持气凝胶原有的三维结构。超临界干燥则通过将CO2作为干燥介质,升温加压至其临界温度31.1 ℃、临界压力7.38 MPa以上的超临界状态,使液体与气体之间界面消失,从而消除表面张力对结构的破坏,最终获得结构稳定的三维多孔气凝胶材料[19-20]。

1.2 纤维素气凝胶的改性

尽管纤维素气凝胶凭借低密度、高孔隙率和低热导率等优势,在建筑节能领域具有良好的应用潜力,但仍存在力学性能较弱[21]、亲水性较强[22-23]及易燃性[24-25]等缺陷。这些缺陷由其化学结构与多孔结构共同决定。纤维素气凝胶以纤维素为骨架,分子链含有大量—OH,三维网络结构主要依靠分子间氢键作用和分子链物理缠结维持,缺乏稳定共价键交联,此外,高孔隙率与薄孔壁的特点,导致其骨架承载能力不足,易发生形变甚至坍塌,进而表现出较弱的力学性能;其表面大量—OH易与水分子形成氢键,结合多孔结构的毛细吸附作用,使其表现出亲水特性;同时,纤维素气凝胶主要由C、H和O元素组成,为有机高分子易燃材料,而气凝胶的高孔隙率使其与空气的接触面积大幅增加,从而更易燃烧,表现出明显的易燃特性。这些缺陷在一定程度上限制了其在建筑节能领域的工程化应用,因此,通过合理改性手段对性能进行调控,是提升纤维素气凝胶综合性能的重要途径。

结构调控是优化纤维素气凝胶性能的重要改性方式,通过对气凝胶宏观构型或微观形貌的调控,改变其多孔网络骨架的结构特征(如孔隙结构、骨架连接方式、密度分布等),进而改善骨架承载能力、应力传递效率及结构稳定性,最终实现对纤维素气凝胶力学性能的优化。例如:Wang等[26]通过调控气凝胶宏观结构,将纤维素纳米纤维(CNF)与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复合,构筑凹六边形结构,成功制备出一种具有负泊松比的纳米纤维素气凝胶(NPRS-CNF/PAM)。这种凹六边形负泊松比结构在轴向压缩作用下呈现各向异性负泊松比效应,通过凹角单元与孔壁骨架协同产生横向向内收缩的变形行为,带动多孔结构单元横向收缩,沿载荷方向逐步贴合并实现结构致密化,使局部密度提升,进而将应力均匀传递并分散至整体结构,抑制局部应力集中与孔壁过早失效,同时为材料提供变形缓冲空间与高效能量耗散路径,从结构层面赋予材料良好的抗压稳定性、剪切抗性与抗冲击能力,该材料不仅具有优异的抗冲击性能,还表现出0.365 MPa/(mg·cm-3)的超高比模量和15.2 mg/cm3的低密度特性。Zong等[27]则通过调控气凝胶的微观结构利用分步定向冷冻浇铸技术,以纤维素纳米网络为载体制备出具有梯度孔道结构的弹性陶瓷纤维气凝胶,从而显著提升其力学性能。实验结果表明,该材料在经历1 000次压缩后,塑性变形仅为5.7%,表现出优异的结构稳定性。其中,宏观负泊松比结构通过高效应力分散与能量吸收提升力学性能,而微观梯度孔结构则增强了材料在循环载荷下的压缩循环稳定性。由此可见,无论是通过宏观结构设计还是微观形貌调控,都能提升纤维素基气凝胶的力学性能,若将宏观构型与微观调控协同优化,有望进一步提升纤维素气凝胶的力学性能。

组分复合是通过向纤维素气凝胶体系中引入一种或多种功能性复合组分,与纤维素骨架协同实现对单一性能的定向强化或多性能的协同优化,用于改善纯纤维素气凝胶自身结构与性能缺陷。在力学性能优化方面,组分复合可通过引入纤维增强相构建更稳定的支撑骨架,提升气凝胶的结构承载能力。例如:Ma等[28]以废棉和粘胶纤维为原料,通过溶解再生与冷冻干燥工艺制备纤维素气凝胶,并引入短切聚酯纤维作为增强相,可有效提升了气凝胶的力学性能,实验结果表明,与3%纯粘胶纤维相比,加入1.5%涤纶后材料的压缩应力和弹性模量分别提高了2.7倍和13.2倍。这表明引入纤维增强相能够构建更加稳定的支撑骨架,提升气凝胶的结构承载能力及整体力学性能。在疏水改性方面,组分复合可通过浸涂的方式引入疏水涂层[29],使纤维素气凝胶表面能降低,增加纤维素表面的疏水作用,例如:Shi等[30]通过表面涂覆与物理添加的方式引入疏水与阻燃组分,利用定向冷冻和冷冻干燥技术,将过渡金属碳氮化物(MXene)与CNF共组装,再通过包覆固化工艺引入经正己烷稀释的阻燃聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)与磷-锆系阻燃剂(MZA),制备出CNF/MXene/PDMS/MZA复合气凝胶。表面的PDMS以Si—O为主链、甲基为侧基,具有良好的疏水性能,使材料水接触角提升至124°;同步引入的阻燃成分,可通过凝聚相阻隔、气相抑燃或催化成炭等机制抑制材料燃烧:MXene纳米片在燃烧时形成物理阻隔层并催化氧化生成致密TiO2陶瓷阻燃相,MZA通过气相稀释可燃气体以及生成致密磷锆阻燃炭层,PDMS在高温下形成连续硅酸炭层进一步隔热隔氧,三者共同作用实现材料的阻燃效果。该方法虽在一定程度上避免了阻燃剂过量添加的问题,但仍存在MXene浓度增加导致气凝胶孔隙减少,以及稀释后PDMS溶液中存在的大量水分可能引发气凝胶孔洞坍塌等问题[22]。因此,在纤维素气凝胶的改性研究中,需综合考虑材料结构与多种性能之间协同优化。

化学改性是通过化学反应对纤维素上的官能团进行共价接枝或交联,从而实现其功能化改性的重要方法。例如,Zhang等[31]采用化学交联方式以壳聚糖上的氨基、甘蔗渣纤维素上的羟基分别与交联剂戊二醛上的醛基发生席夫碱反应(氨基与醛基)和缩醛化反应(羟基与醛基),构建出稳定的三维共价网络,强化气凝胶骨架的力学强度与结构稳定性,使气凝胶在40%应变下经150次压缩循环后仍保持良好弹性与结构完整性;同时在该气凝胶中加入无机矿物使材料的极限氧指数(LOI)由25.0%提高至36.9%,但当壳聚糖质量分数达到60%时,气凝胶的柔韧性明显下降,这是由于当阻燃剂含量过高时,气凝胶的孔隙结构减少并削弱其力学性能[32]。在疏水改性方面,利用硅烷改性[33]、气相沉积[34-35]等化学方法能显著提升纤维素气凝胶的疏水性,例如:Liu等[36]将氮化硼纳米片与CNF复合制备气凝胶,并加入pH值为4的甲基三甲氧基硅烷进行疏水改性,通过共价接枝反应使纤维素上的亲水羟基与硅烷试剂形成Si—O—C键,在纤维素上接枝低表面能甲基基团,使材料水接触角达138°。而Li等[37]则通过气相沉积技术以甲基三甲氧基硅烷对纤维素气凝胶表面进行疏水改性,纤维素气凝胶表面的—OH与硅烷发生脱水缩合反应,形成Si—O—C共价键,该方式在纤维素气凝胶表面引入了低表面能的Si—CH3疏水基团,其水接触角为143.6°。

目前,研究者通常通过结构调控、组分复合与化学改性等方式对纤维素基气凝胶进行多功能改性。然而,当前纤维素气凝胶的多功能改性仍存在明显局限,不同改性手段难以实现性能互补,且功能组分的引入易破坏纤维素气凝胶的结构,导致其力学、疏水、阻燃及隔热性能无法同步提升。因此,构建多功能一体化协同改性体系,实现多项性能协同提升且互不制约,仍是推动纤维素基气凝胶工程化应用的重要发展方向。

2 纤维素气凝胶建筑节能应用

纤维素气凝胶因具有优异的保温隔热性能,可广泛应用于建筑外墙、屋面以及门窗等部位[11],能够有效提高建筑整体的保温隔热能力,减少建筑年度能耗,表现出良好的节能效果[38-39]。纤维素气凝胶的内部热量传热主要包括热传导、热对流和热辐射3种方式的耦合作用,其传热机制如图1所示。由于气凝胶具有多孔结构,可削弱气相与固相之间的热传导,同时抑制气体对流,从而降低整体热传递效率,仅有少量热量能够通过材料传递,实现良好的隔热效果。

图1

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图1   气凝胶传热示意图

Fig.1   Schematic diagram of aerogel heat transfer


2.1 在建筑墙体及屋面中的应用

建筑能耗约占全球总能耗的40%,其中墙体是建筑围护结构中面积最大、热量损失最为显著的部分,其热量损失占建筑总热量损失的50%[40]。因此,开发高效保温材料以降低墙体传热具有重要意义。纤维素气凝胶凭借低热导率和高孔隙率的特点,展现出优异的隔热性能,可作为高效保温隔热层应用于建筑墙体与屋面结构中。

在“双碳”目标背景下,以生物质废弃物为原料制备纤维素气凝胶,不仅符合绿色低碳发展理念,也为实现废旧生物质资源化利用提供了新的技术途径。例如:Rattanasak等[41]以农业废弃物花生壳为原料提取纤维素,并与海藻酸钠/CaCl2复合制备了纤维素气凝胶(CellA),该材料热导率低至0.038 W/(m·K),可用于建筑保温隔热领域。Abdallah等[42]以椰枣废弃物为原料,通过离子液体共溶剂体系制备纤维素气凝胶(DPW),该气凝胶在800~6 300 Hz频率范围内,最大吸声系数可达0.9,将其应用于建筑领域不仅能够实现环保隔热,还能改善建筑声学环境。这些研究为纤维素基废弃物的高值化利用提供了新的技术路径,同时,也助力推动建筑节能与资源化循环利用的发展。

在建筑实际应用中,保温材料的防火安全性能同样至关重要。针对纤维素气凝胶易燃的问题,研究人员通过多种改性方法提高其阻燃性能。Liu等[43]将CNF与L-谷氨酰胺功能化氮化硼纳米片复合,制备的复合材料(BNNS-g/CNF)不仅具有良好的力学强度和隔热性能,其LOI值达到36%,高于传统石化隔热材料,在建筑围护结构应用中能降低火灾风险。Sun等[44]利用低共熔溶剂处理木材,并引入电气石/金属有机框架材料构建木质纤维素气凝胶(TMLA),其LOI值达到38.6%,生命周期评估结果表明,该材料具有绿色可持续特性。通过无机填料复合改性以物理共混的方式达到阻燃效果。此外,还可以通过共价交联改性的化学方式实现其阻燃改性,例如,Yan等[45]通过定向冷冻干燥法制备各向异性的纳米纤维素气凝胶(NFC-Si-T),并通过Si—O—Si网络结构提高材料结构稳定性,其LOI值可达42.6%~51%,表现出良好的阻燃性能。综上所述,通过合理的物理复合和化学改性策略可以改善纤维素气凝胶易燃的特性,以降低其在建筑领域使用时的火灾安全隐患,使其在建筑节能领域具备良好的应用前景。

除阻燃性能外,建筑材料在长期服役过程中还需具备良好的抗紫外线能力。Mao等[46]合成了一种木质素衍生的水溶性阻燃交联剂,并与2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基氧化NCF结合,制备多功能纤维素复合气凝胶(LG70),该材料不仅具有轻质、高比模量和较低导热系数,其LOI值达到了30.1%,同时还表现出优异的自由基清除率(70.5%)和紫外线防护系数(6 354.5)。这项研究提高了纤维素气凝胶的耐候性,其良好的抗氧化与抗光老化能力,可有效缓解建筑保温材料在长期阳光照射与室外环境下的老化降解问题,提升材料耐久性与使用寿命,更符合建筑工程长期安全稳定使用的要求。

此外,纤维素气凝胶本身具有较强的亲水性,在长期服役过程中会对材料的结构稳定性与性能产生不利影响。因此,提高材料疏水性对工程应用具有重要意义。Gong等[47]以明胶、羧甲基纤维素、戊二醛、植酸和硅藻土为原料,通过冷冻干燥技术基于双交联原理制备生物质气凝胶(CL-A@PD),该材料的LOI值达到36.5%,水接触角为137°,兼具阻燃性与疏水性,但戊二醛交联剂,存在一定生物毒性与环保隐患,不能满足绿色低碳发展需求。相比之下,Han等[48]通过脱木质素、冷冻干燥及甲硅烷基化处理制备各向异性藤条气凝胶(SRA),该材料表现出良好的疏水特性(横截面水接触角164°,径向截面水接触角156°),疏水性能的提升可抑制材料在使用过程中因吸湿引发的霉变与微生物滋生,有效提高材料在潮湿环境长期服役过程中的性能稳定性。

在建筑节能研究中,通过模拟计算评估材料的实际节能效果是验证其工程应用价值的重要手段。Teng等[49]利用乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷对CNFs进行硅化修饰,制备热导率为0.026 5 W/(m·K)的气凝胶材料(CNF aerogel),屋面系统测试结果表明,应用该材料后空调能耗降低了81.70%,证实其具有优异隔热性与经济可行性。Zhong等[50]通过高压静电场制备仿生分层结构纤维素气凝胶(HSCA),其最大冷却温差可达7.2 ℃,在室外环境放置3个月后制冷性能仍保持稳定,节能模拟显示,将该气凝胶应用于建筑围护结构(侧墙和屋顶)时可降低52.7%的冷却能耗。这2种材料均在节能模拟中表现出良好的降温与能耗节约效果,但因未进行阻燃设计,不具备防火能力,难以满足建筑消防安全规范要求,限制其进一步工程应用。Qu等[51]通过冻干制备硅化细菌纤维素/MgAl双层氢氧化物复合气凝胶(MBC/LDH),该材料太阳反射率和红外发射率分别达到96.5%、92.3%,LOI值为34.1%,全年模拟结果表明,该材料应用于屋顶和墙体时,可节约41.2%的冷却能耗。尽管节能模拟计算可以预估纤维素气凝胶的节能效果,对推动其在建筑节能中的应用具有一定价值,但这类方法难以对材料的实际使用寿命做出准确判断。因此,仍需要结合气凝胶自身性能特点与建筑真实使用环境,建立更加贴合实际的评价方法与计算模型,以实现对纤维素气凝胶长期服役性能和寿命的准确预测。

纤维素气凝胶与相变材料结合,可以进一步提升建筑的热调控能力。相变材料能够通过相变过程吸收或释放潜热,从而调节环境温度[52],例如:Zou等[53]以纤维素纳米纤维/聚乙烯醇气凝胶为多孔骨架,并以肉豆蔻酸和十四烷醇混合作为相变介质,制备形状稳定的相变复合气凝胶(M-T@CNF/PVA),该材料潜热值达到191.5 J/g,表现出良好的循环稳定性和热调节性能,能有效降低室内能耗,在建筑节能领域极具应用潜力。Zhang等[54]制备了疏水性二氧化硅-相变微胶囊/明胶-羟乙基纤维素复合气凝胶(SiO2-PCC/GEL-HEC),该材料同时具备被动辐射制冷和相变储热功能,具有92.61%的高太阳反射率与95.47%的高大气透明窗发射率,日间可降温4.3 ℃,夜间通过放热相变维持温度,在建筑屋顶应用中可节约5.27%的能耗。虽然相变材料与纤维素气凝胶复合能够赋予材料隔热与储热调温双重功能,但多数相变材料易燃,增加了气凝胶阻燃改性的难度。因此,仍需探索多功能协同改性体系,使纤维素气凝胶材料满足其在建筑领域的实际使用需求。

辐射制冷技术是通过向外太空辐射能量实现被动降温[55],是近年来建筑节能领域的重要研究方向。例如:Liu等[56]利用低成本纤维素衍生物制备集辐射制冷与隔热于一体的混合纳米纤维气凝胶(HNFA),该材料的太阳反射率达到97.4%、大气窗口发射率为98.5%,所制备的气凝胶冷却器可实现昼夜分别降温8.24、7.41 ℃,复杂天气下仍能降温5.84~9.54 ℃,在炎热地区建筑应用中每年节约34.4~64.8 kW·h/m2的制冷能耗。Liu等[57]制备了玻璃纤维增强复合气凝胶(GFRA)作为被动日间辐射制冷材料,该气凝胶的太阳反射率为0.951、长波红外发射率0.954,在正午强辐日照下降温可达8.05 ℃,为辐射制冷材料的工程应用提供了新的思路。将纤维素气凝胶与辐射制冷材料进行复合,可同时实现隔热与被动辐射制冷的双重效果,节能优势明显。纤维素气凝胶本身来自可再生的生物质原料,环境友好,例如:聚乙烯醇-石墨烯-纳米纤维素三元复合气凝胶(PVA-GA-CNF)、磷酸化纤维素/明胶复合气凝胶(3PM2G)等材料;而常用的辐射制冷材料如二氧化硅、碳酸钙、天然矿物粉等,例如:纤维素/SiO2气凝胶复合材料(Cell/SiO2)、剑麻纤维素/细菌纤维素@铝溶胶气凝胶(SC/BC@AS)、纤维素纳米纤维/黑磷气凝胶(CNF/BP)等材料也具有无毒、无污染的特性。整套复合体系在工作时不需要消耗电能,不产生环境污染,能够满足“双碳”目标对绿色建筑材料发展的要求。

表1汇总了近年来用于建筑节能领域的纤维素气凝胶材料及其相关性能。

表1   节能建筑领域纤维素气凝胶材料性能

Tab.1  Properties of cellulose aerogel in energy-efficient buildings

材料热导率/
(W·m-1·K-1)		水接
触角/(°)		极限氧
指数/%
CellA[41]0.017~0.029>150—
DPW[42]0.033~0.065——
BNNS-g/CNF[43]0.052—36.0
TMLA[44]0.028—38.6
NFC-Si-T[45]0.028~0.049—42.6~51
LG70[46]0.023—30.1
CL-A@PD[47]0.021~0.02913736.5
SRA[48]径向0.030
轴向0.056		横截面164
径截面156		—
CNF aerogel[49]0.026140.3—
HSCA[50]0.038151.4—
MBC/LDH[51]0.03414234.1
M-T@CNF/PVA[53]0.155——
SiO2-PCC/GEL-HEC[54]0.049152.3—
HNFA[56]0.028146—
GFRA[57]0.029~0.042115~12031.5~34.5
PVA-GA-CNF[58]0.044——
3PM2G[59]0.047—73
Cell/SiO2[60]0.034158.72—
SC/BC@AS[61]—133.58—
CNF/BP[62]0.067—20.6

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综上,墙体与屋面这类建筑围护结构的主要需求为低导热系数、阻燃性、耐候性、与基材的黏结适配性等。纤维素气凝胶的优势在于密度低、导热系数可调、可再生;不足在于抗压强度偏低、易吸湿、阻燃改性可能会牺牲其隔热性能。当前研究除聚焦阻燃与疏水改性外,还通过强化耐候性提高室外服役能力;与相变储能及被动辐射制冷复合进一步提升材料热调控能力,但对长期服役中的界面老化、冻融循环稳定性关注不足。

2.2 在建筑门窗中的应用

近年来,窗户和天窗气凝胶薄膜的出现,证实了纤维素材料在建筑门窗中应用的可行性。Hou等[63]通过酸诱导CNF分散液凝胶化并快速冻干制备出透明且热绝缘的气凝胶,其可见光透过率达到80%~90%,热导率低至0.023 W/(m·K),隔热性能优于传统玻璃,同时力学性能良好,解决了传统透光保温材料隔热与力学性能难以兼顾的问题。Abraham等[64]以纤维素生物聚合物为原料,制备出高透明硅烷化纤维素气凝胶(SiCellA),其可见光透光率高达97%~99%,雾度约1%,热导率低于静止空气,可作为夹层应用于多层隔热玻璃单元,在与传统双层中空玻璃相近的几何尺寸下实现更优隔热性能,为纤维素气凝胶与现有建筑门窗结构的融合应用提供了可行方案。

通过构建实体测试模型与热工性能表征,可直观反映透明隔热材料在真实应用环境下的隔热能力与节能效果。例如:Sun等[65]通过两步溶胶-凝胶法、自旋涂层技术及超临界CO2干燥技术,制备了有机-无机复合结构的纤维素/硅复合气凝胶,该气凝胶具有低密度、高比表面积,优异力学性能(抗压强度18.74 MPa,拉伸强度高达1.54 MPa,弯曲实验次数超500次),高透明度(91.7%)及阻燃性能。使其在真实户外环境测试中,气凝胶玻璃模型在热平衡状态下内外温差可达12 ℃。

除实体模型测试外,建筑能耗数值模拟同样是评价材料节能效益的关键手段。Xue等[66]以可持续生物质纤维素为原料,制备的透明纤维素气凝胶膜透光率高达90%、热导率低至0.027 W/(m·K),可静电贴附于玻璃表面,无需拆卸原有窗户,建筑能耗模拟结果表明,相比单层玻璃其节能率可达40%,为高效节能窗户提供了绿色可行方案。由此可见,通过能耗模拟对透明材料在实际工况下的节能效果进行定量评估,能够直观反映其工程应用价值,并为材料推广提供科学的数据支撑。

综上,门窗等透光部位的核心需求为高可见光透过率、低热导率及良好的力学柔性/韧性、光学稳定性。纤维素气凝胶的优势在于可实现高透光性(>90%)与低热导率(<0.03 W/(m·K)的兼顾,能够作为透明隔热夹层或薄膜贴附于玻璃表面,在不影响采光的同时降低门窗传热;不足在于透明气凝胶的长期紫外老化下透光率衰减问题缺乏系统评估,且与现有中空玻璃结构的集成工艺尚不成熟,仍需围绕长期服役稳定性、光学耐久性与工程化适配工艺开展深入研究。

2.3 其它建筑节能应用场景

除建筑墙体、屋面及门窗外,纤维素气凝胶还可应用于建筑的其它部位,例如绝热毡、管道保温套等[67]。将纤维素气凝胶制备成气凝胶毡或保温套管,包裹在建筑供暖管道表面,可有效减少管道热量损失,从而降低能源消耗。李春漫等[68]以戊二醛改性纳米纤维素气凝胶与聚乳酸复合,制备出适用于管道保冷的生物基可降解复合材料,经过45 ℃/72 h加速老化后未出现明显黄变,微观三维网络结构保持完整,同时具备良好的压缩回弹性及生物可降解性,为建筑管道保温提供了绿色可行方案。Zhang等[69]以二醋酸纤维素为原料,通过异氰酸酯交联构建三维网络,再采用气相沉积法进行疏水改性,制备出高性能隔热用醋酸纤维素气凝胶。经全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷改性后,材料的水接触角为136°,由亲水性转变为疏水性。而Peng等[70]则通过氢键和二氧化硅气凝胶颗粒、明胶和羟乙基纤维素之间的化学交联实现疏水改性,制得的气凝胶兼具优异力学、隔热与防水性能,水接触角为150.1°,适合长期在潮湿环境下的管道保温使用,然而,该材料未具备酸碱防腐能力,功能仍较单一。为实现多功能协同,Zhu等[71]以CNF为绿色基底,复合MXene纳米片与氮掺杂碳包覆四氧化三钴铁磁性纳米颗粒,并通过疏水改性,得到多功能纤维素气凝胶,该材料在隔热、疏水、抗腐蚀与力学性能方面实现协同提升,适用于高湿、易结露环境的管道保温,是一种高性能、绿色环保的新型管道保温材料,具备一定的应用前景。

综上,管道与异形部位的主要需求为柔韧性、疏水性、抗腐蚀性、施工便利性。纤维素气凝胶的优势在于可制备成保温毡或套管形式,具备一定的柔性与可加工性,能够紧密包裹建筑供暖、保冷管道及异形构件界面,有效降低管道热量损失,提升能源利用效率;不足在于现有改性研究大都集中于疏水与力学增强,对酸碱腐蚀、高温高湿等特殊工况的适应性研究较少,且缺乏与现有管道保温系统的标准化对接方案,仍需进一步开展工程化适配研究,以提升其在实际工程中的应用范围。

2.4 建筑用气凝胶性能与发展

将纤维素气凝胶应用在建筑领域,需要综合考虑材料性能的功能化改性。主要考虑以下3个方面:1)保温隔热性能,这是实现建筑节能的基础和核心;2)力学性能与耐候性,决定材料在长期服役过程中的结构稳定性与寿命;3)安全环保性能,在绿色循环发展背景下,成为现代建筑的基本要求。此外,对于透明窗和采光顶等透明结构部位,还需兼顾可见光透过率和太阳得热系数等关键光学性能指标,确保节能与舒适性。

近年来,纤维素气凝胶在建筑保温领域的研究已逐步由单一性能优化向“隔热+阻燃+疏水+辐射制冷/相变储能”等多功能协同集成方向发展,可更好满足建筑多场景、多工况的综合使用需求。但在多功能复合过程中,易出现制备工艺复杂化、生产成本上升、性能此消彼长等问题,因此未来需依据墙体、屋面、门窗、管道等不同应用场景的实际需求,进行差异化功能改性,在保证核心性能达标的前提下实现关键功能协同,避免陷入“贪大求全”的误区。

3 结束语

纤维素气凝胶作为一种绿色高效保温材料,具有低热导率、高孔隙率、可再生及环境友好等优势,在建筑节能领域表现出良好的应用前景,通过结构调控与功能改性,其阻燃性、疏水性及力学性能等关键性能已取得显著提升,更能满足建筑领域的实用化要求。尽管纤维素气凝胶在实验室条件下具有良好的应用潜力,但其规模化推广仍面临挑战。现有制备方法(超临界CO2干燥及冷冻干燥工艺)设备投入大、能耗高,且制备所用的溶剂成本较高,这些因素限制了其大规模工程化应用。此外,现有研究大都集中于短期性能验证,对材料在长期服役、复杂环境及施工条件下的综合适应性关注不足。

为实现纤维素气凝胶在建筑工程中的高效应用,未来研究方向应聚焦于以下4方面:一是提升材料力学与结构稳定性,通过优化纤维素气凝胶的承压、抗蠕变与载荷能力,满足其在风压、施工及长期服役中的结构安全需求。二是强化环境适配性与耐久性能,通过疏水、阻燃、耐候、耐腐蚀一体化改性,解决材料易吸水、霉变、易燃、老化及腐蚀等问题,使其适应湿热、盐雾、高低温交变等复杂建筑环境。三是优化界面结合与工程适配性,提升气凝胶与混凝土、砂浆、涂料等基材的相容性和黏结强度,提高建筑系统整体可靠性和施工便利性。四是构建多功能与智能集成体系,实现保温隔热、相变储能、绿色节能与智能监测的协同发展,提升建筑能效与智能化水平,进一步拓展其在高端建筑与绿色低碳建筑中的应用场景。总体而言,纤维素气凝胶的进一步发展亟需从材料设计、制备工艺与工程应用多层面协同推进,以实现从实验室研究向实际建筑应用的有效转化。

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阻抗阶跃渐变层结构纤维素/Ti3C2Tx气凝胶材料的制备及其吸波性能

[J]. 纺织学报, 2025, 46(3): 17-26.

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LI Yi, ZHANG Hengyu, GUO Wenzhuo, et al.

Preparation of cellulose/Ti3C2Tx aerogel absorbing materials with impedance step gradient layer structure and their absorption properties

[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(3): 17-26.

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The analysis of a series of controlled experiments using sets of fabrics of nominally the same woven construction made of different fibers led to the conclusion that, in general, a crease or wrinkle in a fabric can involve a permanent deformation of filaments, a deformation of the yarn caused by interfilament friction, and a structural distortion of the fabric. The main objective of the previous papers in this series was to establish the principal parameters which affect the filament and yarn bending recovery and the resistance of woven fabrics to undergo permanent distortion in construction when subjected to bending or wrinkling deformations. We found that the fiber properties which affect the recovery of single filaments are the yield strain in compression and the ratio of the compressional to tensile longitudinal moduli. Both these quantities are functions of draw ratio and thermal history of the fiber. The fiber properties which affect the recovery characteristics of yarns and fabrics are friction coefficient, modulus of elasticity, and settability.

裴笑涵, 姜华向, 占荣杰, 等.

亲水疏油性纳米纤维素/壳聚糖气凝胶的制备及其性能

[J]. 毛纺科技, 2026, 54(1): 30-36.

[本文引用: 1]

PEI Xiaohan, JIANG Huaxiang, ZHAN Rongjie, et al.

Preparation of hydrophilic and oleophobic nanocellulose/chitosan aerogel and its performance

[J]. Wool Textile Journal, 2026, 54(1): 30-36.

[本文引用: 1]

LUO X L, SHEN J Y, MA Y N, et al.

Robust, sustainable cellulose composite aerogels with outstanding flame retardancy and thermal insulation

[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020, 230: 115623.

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WANG D, PENG H Y, YU B, et al.

Biomimetic structural cellulose nanofiber aerogels with exceptional mechanical, flame-retardant and thermal-insulating properties

[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 389: 124449.

DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2020.124449      URL     [本文引用: 1]

WANG S Q, ZENG Y H, WANG C, et al.

Negative Poisson's ratio structural cellulose aerogel with excellent impact resistance

[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 507: 160492.

DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2025.160492      URL     [本文引用: 1]

ZONG D D, BAI W Y, YIN X, et al.

Gradient pore structured elastic ceramic nanofiber aerogels with cellulose nanonets for noise absorption

[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(31): 2301870.

DOI:10.1002/adfm.v33.31      URL     [本文引用: 1]

MA L, WU H, WEI Y C, et al.

Reinforcement strategies for cellulose-based aerogels from textile waste and their applications in thermal insulation and oil absorption

[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 308: 142526.

DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142526      URL     [本文引用: 1]

CHHAJED M, YADAV C, AGRAWAL A K, et al.

Esterified superhydrophobic nanofibrillated cellulose based aerogel for oil spill treatment

[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2019, 226: 115286.

DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115286      URL     [本文引用: 1]

SHI Y Q, ZHU Y J, LIU S, et al.

Multi-hierarchically constructing durable and flame retardant CNF/MXene/PDMS composite aerogels for superhigh electromagnetic shielding performance and ultralow thermal conductivity

[J]. Small, 2025, 21(22): 2500556.

DOI:10.1002/smll.v21.22      URL     [本文引用: 1]

ZHANG X, GAO Y B, WANG X Y, et al.

A flexible, thermal-insulating, and fire‐resistant bagasse-derived cellulose aerogel prepared via a refrigerator freezing combined ambient pressure drying technique

[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 498: 155466.

DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2024.155466      URL     [本文引用: 1]

WU Y Q, WANG X, YAO L H, et al.

Thermal insulation mechanism, preparation, and modification of nanocellulose aerogels: a review

[J]. Molecules, 2023, 28(15): 5836.

DOI:10.3390/molecules28155836      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Energy problems have become increasingly prominent. The use of thermal insulation materials is an effective measure to save energy. As an efficient energy-saving material, nanocellulose aerogels have broad application prospects. However, nanocellulose aerogels have problems such as poor mechanical properties, high flammability, and they easily absorbs water from the environment. These defects restrict their thermal insulation performance and severely limit their application. This review analyzes the thermal insulation mechanism of nanocellulose aerogels and summarizes the methods of preparing them from biomass raw materials. In addition, aiming at the inherent defects of nanocellulose aerogels, this review focuses on the methods used to improve their mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and hydrophobicity in order to prepare high-performance thermal insulation materials in line with the concept of sustainable development, thereby promoting energy conservation, rational use, and expanding the application of nanocellulose aerogels.

LI J D, LIANG C Y, LIN C W, et al.

Lightweight, superhydrophobic, and superelastic MXene/carboxymethylcellulose sodium composite aerogels for efficient and multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding

[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 506: 160274.

DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2025.160274      URL     [本文引用: 1]

ZHU Y R, LI H Q, HUANG W, et al.

Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic wood aerogel by vapor deposition method for oil-water separation

[J]. Surfaces and Interfaces, 2023, 37: 102746.

DOI:10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102746      URL     [本文引用: 1]

HU X D, YANG B, HAO M, et al.

Preparation of high elastic bacterial cellulose aerogel through thermochemical vapor deposition catalyzed by solid acid for oil-water separation

[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 305: 120538.

DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120538      URL     [本文引用: 1]

LIU Y, ZHANG Y P, LIAO T G, et al.

Boron nitride-nanosheet enhanced cellulose nanofiber aerogel with excellent thermal management properties

[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020, 241: 116425.

DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116425      URL     [本文引用: 1]

LI X, BAI Y, SUN J Y, et al.

Fabrication of cuttlebone-inspired superhydrophobic gellan gum/konjac glucomannan/bamboo fiber aerogel with high reusability and biodegradability for oil/water mixture separation

[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2026, 347: 150769.

DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150769      URL     [本文引用: 1]

GU X H, LING Y Q.

Research progress of aerogel materials in the field of construction

[J]. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2024, 91: 620-631.

DOI:10.1016/j.aej.2024.02.039      URL     [本文引用: 1]

SHANMUGAM G, GUNASEKARAN E, KARUPPUSAMY R S, et al.

Utilization of aerogel in building construction: a review

[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 955(1): 012032.

DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/955/1/012032      [本文引用: 1]

Aerogel are synthetic light weight material obtained in a gel form with gas without any shrinkage. The first form of aerogel is produced by using Silica gels. There are several other types of aerogels such as carbon-Based aerogel, clay-Based aerogel and silica-Based aerogel. Aerogel are mostly in solid form with extremely low conductivity and possess very low density and high porosity (< 100nm). Aerogel are water repellent material. In recent years, Aerogel have attracted towards various sectors, including building construction based on their promising properties and surprising applications in wide range of technical spaces. Aerogel based materials are prepared for its high-performance thermal insulation applications in building sectors. Despite, it also used in manufacture of chemical products, Electronics, thermal and acoustic insulations, energy absorbers, space suits and in building systems. This paper reviews the properties, formation and applications of aerogel in various sectors and its abundant utilization in building construction.

VENKATESAN M, RAJA M, SIVALAKSMI S, et al.

Experimental study of thermal performance on waste in-filled building wall construction

[J]. International Journal of Thermophysics, 2022, 43(10): 156.

DOI:10.1007/s10765-022-03082-1      [本文引用: 1]

RATTANASAK U, THETPITAK T, PACHANA P K, et al.

Fabrication of superhydrophobic cellulose aerogel from peanut husk biomass for energy-efficient and environmental applications

[J]. Developments in the Built Environment, 2026, 25: 100829.

DOI:10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100829      URL     [本文引用: 2]

AL ABDALLAH H, TANNOUS J H, ABU-JDAYIL B.

Date palm wood-derived cellulose aerogel dissolved in ionic liquids as a green thermal insulation construction material

[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 436: 136957.

DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136957      URL     [本文引用: 2]

LIU C, HUANG C Q, LI Y, et al.

Freeze-casting production of thermal insulating and fire-retardant lightweight aerogels based on nanocellulose and boron nitride

[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 252: 126370.

DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126370      URL     [本文引用: 2]

SUN X H, YU Q Q, WANG F M, et al.

Eco-friendly Tourmaline@MOF lignocellulose aerogel with favorable fire retardancy and smoke suppression for insulation materials

[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2024, 12(28): 10517-10527.

[本文引用: 2]

YAN M Y, PAN Y L, CHENG X D, et al.

″Robust-soft″ anisotropic nanofibrillated cellulose aerogels with superior mechanical, flame-retardant, and thermal insulating properties

[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(23): 27458-27470.

[本文引用: 2]

MAO T, XIE S H, XIAO H, et al.

Lignin-derived flame-retardant cross-linker toward high-strength and multifunctional cellulose aerogel

[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2025, 13(47): 20545-20557.

[本文引用: 2]

GONG L, AN X Y, MA C, et al.

Double cross-linked biomass aerogels with enhanced mechanical strength and flame retardancy for construction thermal insulation

[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 281: 136304.

DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136304      URL     [本文引用: 2]

HAN X S, WU W J, TIAN Z W, et al.

'Top-down' fabrication of anisotropic, lightweight, super-amphiphobic, and thermal insulating rattan aerogels

[J]. Composites Communications, 2022, 33: 101199.

DOI:10.1016/j.coco.2022.101199      URL     [本文引用: 2]

TENG T, TU L X, CHEN Y, et al.

Optimizing sustainable construction: enhancing thermal insulation performance and energy savings with surface-modified cellulose nanofiber aerogels

[J]. Cellulose, 2024, 31(14): 8695-8710.

DOI:10.1007/s10570-024-06074-6      [本文引用: 2]

ZHONG S J, YUAN S X, ZHANG X, et al.

Hierarchical cellulose aerogel reinforced with in situ-assembled cellulose nanofibers for building cooling

[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15(33): 39807-39817.

[本文引用: 2]

QU J N, XUE J J, QI Y L, et al.

Sustainable silylated bacterial cellulose/MgAl-LDH composite aerogel integrating radiative cooling and thermal insulation for building energy saving

[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 334: 149221.

DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149221      URL     [本文引用: 2]

董梦杰, 郝新敏, 梁高勇, 等.

相变材料在调温服装领域的应用研究进展

[J]. 毛纺科技, 2024, 52(1): 122-127.

[本文引用: 1]

DONG Mengjie, HAO Xinmin, LIANG Gaoyong, et al.

Research progress of phase change materials in the field of temperature regulating clothing

[J]. Wool Textile Journal, 2024, 52(1): 122-127.

[本文引用: 1]

ZOU S, XI L.

CNF/PVA aerogel-based eutectic composite phase change materials with high strength and form stability for energy efficient building applications

[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 127: 117139.

DOI:10.1016/j.est.2025.117139      URL     [本文引用: 2]

ZHANG X, ZUO T C, AI M, et al.

All-in-one cast-molded hydrophobic silicon dioxide-phase change microcapsule/gelatin-hydroxyethyl cellulose composite aerogel for building cooling

[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2024, 12(28): 10423-10435.

[本文引用: 2]

程喜慧, 陈萌, 窦跃杰, 等.

辐射制冷功能纺织品的研究进展

[J]. 毛纺科技, 2024, 52(3): 132-137.

[本文引用: 1]

CHENG Xihui, CHEN Meng, DOU Yuejie, et al.

Research progress of textiles with radiative cooling performance

[J]. Wool Textile Journal, 2024, 52(3): 132-137.

[本文引用: 1]

LIU Y M, BU X H, FENG M X, et al.

Spectrally selective and thermally insulating hybrid nanofiber aerogel coolers for building energy conservation

[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 680: 345-354.

DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2024.11.002      URL     [本文引用: 2]

LIU Y M, BU X H, HE M, et al.

Robust passive daytime radiative coolers based on thermally insulating and spectrally selective composite aerogels with designed fiber-reinforced porous architecture

[J]. Solar Energy, 2022, 247: 564-573.

DOI:10.1016/j.solener.2022.10.063      URL     [本文引用: 2]

WANG X Y, XIE P B, WAN K, et al.

Mechanically strong, low thermal conductivity and improved thermal stability polyvinyl alcohol-graphene-nanocellulose aerogel

[J]. Gels, 2021, 7(4): 170.

DOI:10.3390/gels7040170      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Porous aerogel materials have advantages of a low density, low thermal conductivity and high porosity, and they have broad application prospects in heat insulation and building energy conservation. However, aerogel materials usually exhibit poor mechanical properties. Single-component aerogels are less likely to possess a good thermal stability and mechanical properties. It is necessary to prepare multiple-composite aerogels by reinforcement to meet practical application needs. In this experiment, a simple preparation method for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–graphene (GA)–nanocellulose (CNF) ternary composite aerogels was proposed. This is also the first time to prepare ternary composite aerogels by mixing graphene, nanocellulose and polyvinyl alcohol. A GA–CNF hydrogel was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method, and soaked in PVA solution for 48 h to obtain a PVA–GA–CNF hydrogel. PVA–GA–CNF aerogels were prepared by freeze drying. The ternary composite aerogel has advantages of excellent mechanical properties, a low thermal conductivity and an improved thermal stability, because strong hydrogen bonds form between the PVA, GA and CNF. The composite aerogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, dynamic thermal analysis, thermogravimetry and thermal constant analysis to characterize the properties of the ternary composite aerogels. The lightweight, low-density and porous PVA–GA–CNF composite aerogels withstood 628 times their mass. The thermal conductivity of the composite aerogels was 0.044 ± 0.005 W/mK at room temperature and 0.045 ± 0.005 W/mK at 70 °C. This solid, low thermal conductivity and good thermal stability PVA–GA–CNF ternary composite aerogel has potential application in thermal insulation.

XIAO H X, LIN X, LUO J, et al.

All-biomass phosphorylated cellulose/gelatin composite aerogel with excellent mechanical and flame-retardant properties

[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 501: 144291.

DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.144291      URL     [本文引用: 1]

LEE M L, SARKAR A, GUO Z P, et al.

Additive manufacturing of eco-friendly building insulation materials by recycling pulp and paper

[J]. Nanoscale Advances, 2023, 5(9): 2547-2552.

DOI:10.1039/D3NA00036B      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Thermal insulation materials by recycling pulp and paper wastes play an important role in environmental sustainability of green buildings.

LIANG Z Y, QIN X B, LI Y Q, et al.

High strength flame-retardant cellulose aerogel inspired by reinforced concrete structures for building energy-saving applications

[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 524: 169169.

DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2025.169169      URL     [本文引用: 1]

KANG Z Y, QIU S, LÜ Q Y, et al.

Synergistic black phosphorus and cellulose nanofiber aerogels: a breakthrough in flame-retardant and thermal insulation for building applications

[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025, 275: 126849.

DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126849      URL     [本文引用: 1]

HOU X Y, FUJISAWA S, SAITO T.

Transparent insulators with a tough nanocellulose skeleton formed via freeze-drying

[J]. ACS Nano, 2026, 20(4): 3821-3830.

DOI:10.1021/acsnano.5c19203      URL     [本文引用: 1]

ABRAHAM E, CHERPAK V, SENYUK B, et al.

Highly transparent silanized cellulose aerogels for boosting energy efficiency of glazing in buildings

[J]. Nature Energy, 2023, 8(4): 381-396.

DOI:10.1038/s41560-023-01226-7      [本文引用: 1]

To maintain comfortable indoor conditions, buildings consume ~40% of the energy generated globally. In terms of passively isolating building interiors from cold or hot outdoors, windows and skylights are the least-efficient parts of the building envelope because achieving simultaneously high transparency and thermal insulation of glazing remains a challenge. Here we describe highly transparent aerogels fabricated from cellulose, an Earth-abundant biopolymer, by utilizing approaches such as colloidal self assembly and procedures compatible with roll-to-roll processing. The aerogels have visible-range light transmission of 97–99% (better than glass), haze of ~1% and thermal conductivity lower than that of still air. These lightweight materials can be used as panes inside multi-pane insulating glass units and to retrofit existing windows. We demonstrate how aerogels boost energy efficiency and may enable advanced technical solutions for insulating glass units, skylights, daylighting and facade glazing, potentially increasing the role of glazing in building envelopes.

SUN J, HU J, ZHONG Y, et al.

Transparent, flame retardant and machinable cellulose/silica composite aerogels with nanoporous dual network for energy-efficient buildings

[J]. Cellulose, 2024, 31(15): 9303-9318.

DOI:10.1007/s10570-024-06058-6      [本文引用: 1]

XUE Y X, WANG K W, LU Q Y, et al.

Fabrication of thermally insulative and highly transparent cellulose aerogel for climate-adaptive energy efficient window

[J]. Next Materials, 2026, 11: 101583.

DOI:10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101583      URL     [本文引用: 1]

张潇, 胡豪, 侯庆喜, 等.

纤维素基气凝胶在保温隔热领域中的研究进展

[J]. 中国造纸, 2023, 42(2): 86-93.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG Xiao, HU Hao, HOU Qingxi, et al.

Research progress of cellulose-based aerogel in heat preservation and insulation

[J]. China Pulp & Paper, 2023, 42(2): 86-93.

[本文引用: 1]

李春漫, 张鑫, 常维纯, 等.

改性纳米纤维素气凝胶/聚乳酸复合材料的制备及耐候性能

[J]. 工程塑料应用, 2025, 53(8): 182-188.

[本文引用: 1]

LI Chunman, ZHANG Xin, CHANG Weichun, et al.

Preparation and weather resistance of modified nanocellulose aerogel/polylactic acid composites

[J]. Engineering Plastics Application, 2025, 53(8): 182-188.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG S Z, YANG Z Y, HUANG X, et al.

Hydrophobic cellulose acetate aerogels for thermal insulation

[J]. Gels, 2022, 8(10): 671.

DOI:10.3390/gels8100671      URL     [本文引用: 1]

As naturally derived material, cellulose aerogels have excellent thermal insulation properties due to their unique high porosity and three-dimensional mesoporous structure. However, its hydrophilic properties limit its application in the field of building insulation. Here, we propose a method to prepare high hydrophobicity by adopting the sol-gel method and chemical vapor reaction strategy using cellulose acetate type II as raw material and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate as the cross-linking agent. Thermal properties of cellulose acetate aerogels (CAAs) were measured, where pyridine was the catalyst, acetone was the solvent, and perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDS), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) were used as hydrophobic agents (by process hydrophobic test). Compared with MTES-modified cellulose acetate aerogels (M-CAAs) and HMDS (H-CAAs)-modified cellulose acetate aerogels, PFDS-modified (P-CAAs) cellulose acetate aerogels are the most hydrophobic. By implementing hydrophobic modification of PFDS both inside and outside the structure of cellulose acetate aerogels, the water contact angle can reach up to 136°, strongly demonstrating the potential of PFDS as a hydrophobic agent. The results show that the thermal conductivity and compressive strength of cellulose acetate aerogel with the best hydrophobic properties are 0.035 W m−1 K−1 at normal pressure and 0.39 MPa at 3% strain, respectively. This work shows that the highly hydrophobic cellulose acetate aerogel has potential as a waterproof material in the field of building thermal-insulation materials.

PENG T P, ZHU J D, HUANG T, et al.

Facile preparation for gelatin/hydroxyethyl cellulose-SiO2 composite aerogel with good mechanical strength, heat insulation, and water resistance

[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2021, 138(23): 50539.

DOI:10.1002/app.v138.23      URL     [本文引用: 1]

ZHU C C, JIN W H, WANG J N, et al.

One-stop multifunctional cellulose aerogel integrating mechanical strength, hydrophobicity, heat insulation and microwave absorption

[J]. Carbon, 2026, 249: 121263.

DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2026.121263      URL     [本文引用: 1]

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