纺织学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (12): 233-242.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20250500602

• 综合述评 • 上一篇    下一篇

面向空天应用的高性能无机纤维及制品发展现状及趋势

史芷丞1, 陈凤翔1(), 王梦云2, 白洁2, 李娟2, 白濛2, 伏广伟2, 徐卫林1   

  1. 1.武汉纺织大学 纺织新材料及先进加工全国重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430200
    2.中国纺织工程学会, 北京 100025
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-07 修回日期:2025-07-25 出版日期:2025-12-15 发布日期:2026-02-06
  • 通讯作者: 陈凤翔(1985—),男,教授,博士。主要研究方向为功能纤维及器件。E-mail:fxchen_czx@wtu.edu.cn。
  • 作者简介:史芷丞(2001—),男,硕士生。主要研究方向为功能纤维材料。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(52373085);国家自然科学基金项目(52573090);湖北省中央引导地方专项(2025CSA001)

Current status and development trends of high-performance inorganic fibers and their products for aerospace and aeronautical applications

SHI Zhicheng1, CHEN Fengxiang1(), WANG Mengyun2, BAI Jie2, LI Juan2, BAI Meng2, FU Guangwei2, XU Weilin1   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan,Hubei 430200, China
    2. China Textile Engineering Society, Beijing 100025, China
  • Received:2025-05-07 Revised:2025-07-25 Published:2025-12-15 Online:2026-02-06

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摘要：

空天环境存在剧烈温差循环、原子氧侵蚀、高能辐射及太空碎片冲击等极端工况,对材料性能提出了严苛要求。为构建轻量化、功能一体化空天材料,围绕复杂的空天环境,系统梳理了碳基、石英、氧化物、碳化硅、硼基及玄武岩等高性能无机纤维的结构特性与性能优势,分析了无机纤维在力学、功能化以及轻量化和可持续性等方面的需求;重点介绍了无机纤维的成形技术与本征性能提升机制(如前驱体设计、热处理及微观结构调控等),探讨强韧性与稳定性提升的途径;进一步总结了无机纤维制品的结构加工与功能应用,阐述了三维编织与3D打印等智能制造技术在复杂构件成形与功能集成中的应用潜力;最后指出当前无机纤维在基础机制、性能协同优化及制造体系方面的挑战,亟需加强结构-性能预测、功能集成设计与绿色智能制造等方向的协同创新,以支撑新一代空天装备的长期稳定运行与可持续发展。

关键词: 空天应用, 无机纤维, 热防护, 编织技术, 3D打印, 高性能纤维, 碳化硅纤维, 玄武岩纤维

Abstract:

Significance With the rapid advancement of strategic missions such as deep-space exploration, aerospace systems are increasingly exposed to extreme thermal cycling, intense radiation, micrometeoroid impacts, and atomic oxygen erosion. Traditional metallic and organic materials, constrained by high density, limited thermal resistance, and short service life, are insufficient to meet the requirements of next-generation aerospace systems. In contrast, high-performance inorganic fibers-characterized by low density, high specific strength, exceptional thermal stability, radiation resistance, and chemical durability-have emerged as key materials for integrated structural and functional design. A systematic review of their classifications, applications, and technological trends is therefore of great scientific and engineering significance, providing guidance to overcome current material limitations and accelerate independent innovation in advanced aerospace systems.

Progress High-performance inorganic fibers-including carbon-based, quartz, oxide, silicon carbide, boron-based, and basalt fibers-have been systematically reviewed with respect to their structural characteristics and performance advantages under complex aerospace service environments. These fibers meet diverse requirements for mechanical strength, functional integration, lightweight design, and sustainability. Research progress has focused on forming technologies and intrinsic property enhancement mechanisms, including precursor design, heat treatment, and microstructural regulation, which have improved fiber strength, toughness, and stability. In addition, the structural processing and functional applications of fiber-based products have been summarized, highlighting the potential of advanced intelligent manufacturing technologies-such as three-dimensional weaving and 3D printing-for the fabrication of complex structures and multifunctional integration. These advances indicate that future development of inorganic fibers must emphasize structure-property prediction, multifunctional design, and green intelligent manufacturing to enable reliable long-term service and sustainable development of next-generation aerospace systems.

Conclusion and Prospect High-performance inorganic fibers have become indispensable to aerospace material systems; however, their development still faces significant challenges. The microstructure-property correlation remains insufficiently understood; multifunctional integration often involves trade-offs that hinder the simultaneous optimization of mechanical strength, thermal protection, and sensing capabilities; and manufacturing remains energy-intensive, costly, and technologically dependent on imports, constraining large-scale applications and autonomy. Addressing these challenges requires a focus on multifunctional integration, intelligent responsiveness, and green manufacturing. Emphasis should be placed on synergistic fiber integration, gradient structural design, and interface engineering to achieve combined load-bearing, protection, and sensing functions with systematic performance optimization. Research on intelligent fiber-based materials should be accelerated to enable self-sensing, self-healing, and enhanced environmental adaptability, thereby improving reliability under extreme aerospace conditions. Priority must also be given to low-energy, high-efficiency green manufacturing and recycling technologies to support closed-loop lifecycle management and promote sustainability. In parallel, advancing the localization of core manufacturing technologies is essential for establishing an autonomous supply chain and securing strategic advantages in the global aerospace sector.

Key words: aerospace and aeronautic application, inorganic fiber, thermal protection, weaving technology, 3D printing, high-performance fiber, silicon carbide fiber, basalt fiber

中图分类号: 

  • TS102.4
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