Journal of Textile Research ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (03): 107-117.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20251205302

• Intelligent Health Monitoring Textiles • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research progress in magnetoelectric flexible sensors

FENG Xiaoli1, GONG Junyao1,2, XIA Liangjun1(), XU Weilin1   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei 430200, China
    2 School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
  • Received:2025-12-30 Revised:2026-01-28 Online:2026-03-15 Published:2026-03-15
  • Contact: XIA Liangjun E-mail:liangjun_xia@wtu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Significance Serving as a foundational element of the perception layer in the Internet of Things (IoT), flexible sensors have attracted widespread attention by virtue of their excellent flexibility, environmental adaptability, and scene compatibility. They have shown broad application prospects in fields such as medical diagnosis, intelligent control, and energy collection. Furthermore, the integration of electronic technology has opened up unique paths for the performance breakthroughs and function expansion of flexible sensors. However, current flexible sensors still face technical bottlenecks in structural design, performance stability, and large-scale production and application. In order address these challenges and further promote the development of flexible sensors, this paper systematically reviews the research progress of flexible magnetoelectric sensors based on the magnetoelectric effect, providing references for subsequent related application research.

Progress This review focuses on three types of flexible magneto-electric sensors based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the Hall effect, and the magnetoelastic effect. It systematically elaborates on the three types of sensors' working mechanisms, material selection, preparation processes, and application methods. For sensors based on Faraday's law, the research focuses on blending magnetic particles with polymers and constructing flexible magnetic components and conductive coils through processes such as spinning, weaving, sewing, or printing, thereby enabling energy collection and self-powered sensing for the sensors. Sensors based on the Hall effect are typically fabricated using techniques such as magnetron sputtering and lithography on flexible film substrates, have high sensitivity and stability, and have been applied in wearable devices, human-computer interaction, medical implantation, and other fields. Sensors based on the magnetoelastic effect are usually constructed by blending magnetic particles with elastomers and combining liquid metals, silver-coated yarns, and other flexible conductive materials, have high sensitivity, stretchability, and durability, and are suitable for health monitoring and self-powered biomechanical sensing. The structural design of these flexible magneto-electric sensors has a significant impact on their performance. The influence of different construction methods on the comprehensive performance of the sensors are also extensively explored and discussed.

Conclusion and Prospect Through integrating self-powering operation, sensitive signal detection, and flexible physical forms, flexible magnetoelectric sensors are finding increasingly widespread applications. Future development could focus on designs that coordinate multiple transduction mechanisms, designing cost-effective, efficient and scalable production processes, and further deepening the integration of flexible sensors with smart textiles. These efforts would enhance comfort in wearable use and promote the application of flexible electronics in health monitoring, smart textiles, and the IoT.

Key words: flexible sensor, electromagnetic induction, smart textiles, wearable electronics, self-powered

CLC Number: 

  • TS 101.8

Fig.1

Applications of flexible magnetoelectric sensors"

Tab.1

Comparison of core performance parameters of flexible magnetic-electric sensors based on Faraday's electromagnetic induction effect"

磁性部分类别(基材-填料) 导电部分 形式 性能 应用 文献
电压 电流 灵敏范围 响应时间
Ecoflex-磁铁 铜线圈 块 139 mV 60 mA 0.7~30 kPa 20 ms 智能鞋、智能穿戴 [26]
Ecoflex-NdFeB 铜线圈 块 67.5 μV 无 1.18~764 kPa 16 ms 压敏阵列、智能停车系统 [27]
Ecoflex-NdFeB 导电金属线 纤维 9.1 μV 3.9 μA 无 112 ms 动作传感、智能穿戴 [28]
Ecoflex-NdFeB 碳布 中空柱状体 2.2 mV 无 8.2 kPa 64 ms 磁电压力传感器、自供电 [29]
Ecoflex-NdFeB SNP打印线圈 海葵形软体
机器人		 7.3 μV 无 无 40~42 ms 水下监测 [30]
PDMS-NdFeB 液态金属 同轴纤维 0.52 V 14.1 mA 100 kPa <0.1 s 生物医学设备或软机器 [31]
PDMS-Fe纳米线 Pt、Au线圈 膜+微纤 206.47 μV 约3.12 nA 无 无 能量收集、智能穿戴 [32]
灯心草-
TPU-NdFeB		 铜线圈 织物 3 V 15 mA 无 无 能量收集、
运动及医疗监测		 [39]
聚合物条带-
NdFeB		 铜线圈 织物 14.3 V 31.2 mA 无 50 ms 服装发电机 [40]
间隔织物-
Ecoflex-NdFeB		 铜线圈 薄膜 319 μV 约100 μA 无 无 智能驾驶、健康监测 [43]
Ecoflex-NdFeB 铜线圈 纤维 90 μV 无 1.11~8.89 kPa 无 人机交互、手势识别 [41]
TPU-NdFeB 导电铜线 纱线 43.9 μV 17.9 μA 无 0.63 s 能量收集、智能穿戴 [42]
Ecoflex-NdFeB 镀银锦纶 织物 4.6 V 15 mA 0.05~6.52 kPa 无 健康监测、远程医疗 [44]

Tab.2

Comparison of core performance parameters of flexible magnetic-electric sensors based on Hall effect"

基材 导电部分 形式 灵敏度 应用 文献
PI薄膜、PEEK薄膜 铋膜 薄膜 4 V/T 可穿戴器件、医疗植入、机电磁通量监测 [50]
PI薄膜 石墨烯、镍 薄膜 79 V/(A·T) 可穿戴器件、医疗植入、电子皮肤 [51]
Ecoflex NdFeB 薄膜 无 仿生皮肤、人机交互 [52]
PI薄膜 Cr/Au 薄膜 4.41 V/(A·T) 生物医学监测、磁场检测、无线远程监测 [53]
PI薄膜 Au 薄膜 1.12 V/(A·T) 可穿戴器件、磁场检测 [54]

Tab.3

Comparison of core performance parameters of flexible magnetic-electric sensors based on magnetoelastic effect"

磁性部分类别(基材-填料) 导电部分类别 形式 性能 应用 文献
灵敏度 电压 电流 压力灵敏范围 响应时间
Ecoflex-NdFeB 液态金属芯
层纤维		 薄膜 无 无 约45 μA 3.5 Pa~
2 000 kPa		 3 ms 健康监测、
工厂生产监测		 [58]
Ecoflex-NdFeB Ag涂覆羊毛纱线 薄膜 2.78 nA/kPa 约330 μV 约120 μA 约40 kPa 0.12 s 肌肉康复检测装置 [59]
Ecoflex-NdFeB 导电铜线 薄膜 无 2.84 V 97.17 mA 无 无 物联网设备、
局部热疗等		 [61]
硅胶-NdFeB 液态金属线圈 薄膜 无 1.38 V 4.77 mA 无 无 个性化医疗、
物联网健康监测等		 [55]
Ecoflex-NdFeB 铜箔线圈 薄膜 10.65 nA/kPa 无 45.18 nA 8~108 kPa ≤80 ms 运动医疗监测、
远程医疗等		 [62]
Ecoflex-NdFeB 铜线圈 球 0.95 kPa 约50 mV 约20 mA 0.95~5.67 kPa 50 ms 帕金森病诊断、
健康监测等		 [63]
Ecoflex-NdFeB 导电纱线 笔 无 无 1.33±0.4 a.u. 20~110 kPa 无 帕金森病诊断、
运动评估等		 [64]

Tab.4

Comparison of core characteristics of three types of sensors"

传感器
类型		 传感
方式		 主要结构
形式		 灵敏度 响应速度
级别		 信号强度
级别		 形变能力 能耗 制备复杂
程度		 典型
应用		 参考
文献
法拉第
电磁
感应型		 动态磁场、
形变		 膜、块、
织物		 通过线圈
匝数调控		 s~ms (nV~mV)/
(μA~mA)
级别		 取决于材料
和结构		 可自供
电传感		 一般 运动监测、
设备检测		 [26,28,31,40,42,65]
霍尔
效应型		 静态/
动态磁场		 膜 依赖材料 μs~ns (μV~mV)/mA
级别		 通常不具备
拉伸形变
能力		 需要外
接电源		 较高 电子罗盘、
磁场成像		 [52-54,59,61,63,65]
磁致弹性
效应型		 力、形变、
磁场		 膜、块、
织物		 由磁导率
决定		 s~ms (μV~
mV)/mA级别		 取决于磁性体
和导电体材料		 可自供
电传感		 中等 电子皮肤、
压力检测		 [59,62,63,65]
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