Journal of Textile Research ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (02): 153-161.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20250704201

• Textile Engineering • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Fabrication and properties of dual-mode temperature-regulating fabrics via conjugated electrospinning

ZHANG Manqi1,2,3, SUN Yanli1,2,3(), ZHANG Xiaoru1,2,3, LI Bo1,2,3, LIU Zhe1,2,3   

  1. 1 College of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
    2 Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials and Products, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048
    3 Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Apparel Fabrics, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
  • Received:2025-07-15 Revised:2025-12-02 Online:2026-02-15 Published:2026-04-24
  • Contact: SUN Yanli E-mail:sunyanli@xpu.edu.cn

RichHTML

1

PDF (PC)

4

Abstract:

Objective To address the poor mechanical properties and unidirectional functionality of conventional radiative thermoregulatory textiles, this study developed a dual-mode fabric capable of dynamically switching between cooling and heating. This was achieved by preparing thermoregulatory nanofiber-coated yarns via conjugate electrospinning and subsequent weaving. Based on the understanding that over 50% of human body heat exchange occurs via radiation, this mechanism was strategically utilized as the main pathway for thermal regulation. The core goal was to create a scalable and user-friendly textile that enables on-demand thermal comfort through a simple physical action - flipping the fabric, aiming to provide a practical zero-energy solution for personal microclimate control.

Methods Core-sheath structured coated yarns were fabricated using conjugate electrospinning. Cotton fibers served as the core for mechanical strength and comfort. Two functional polymer solutions were used to form the sheath membrane. A polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) solution with silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles was used for radiative cooling, and a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution blended with MXene nanosheets was employed for radiative heating. The concentrations of SiO2 and MXene in the corresponding solutions were varied from 1 to 5 wt% to optimize performance. These core/sheath functional yarns were woven into a double-faced fabric with a cooling side and a heating side. The morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optical properties (solar reflectance and absorptance, 250-2 500 nm) were measured via UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Uniform dispersion of particles was verified using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Thermal performance was evaluated under indoor simulated solar irradiation (1 000 W/m2) using an infrared camera and in outdoor field tests under natural sunlight (500-1 000 W/m2), with plain cotton fabric as the baseline.

Results Morphological analysis showed that the radiative cooling nanofiber-coated yarns (10% PVDF-3% SiO2) exhibited a distinct nanoparticle-structured surface, significantly enhancing light scattering. This structure achieved an average solar reflectance more than 83% via Mie scattering, effectively reducing heat gain. In contrast, the radiative heating yarns (10% PAN-2% MXene) maintained a smooth surface, with MXene providing a high solar absorptance of 0.78 for efficient light and heat absorption.Thermal performance was found obvious. In indoor tests conducted using a xenon lamp, compared to cotton fabric (47.3 ℃), the cooling side of the material achieved a temperature reduction of 3.0 ℃ (reaching 44.3 ℃), while the heating side increased the temperature by 18.6 ℃ (reaching 65.9 ℃). Outdoor tests under ambient conditions of 22-33 ℃ exhibited enhanced temperature regulation performance: the cooling side achieved a temperature reduction (ΔT) of 6.3 ℃ relative to cotton, and the heating side attained a temperature increase (ΔT) of 28.4 ℃. The core mechanism lies in the synergistic effect—SiO2 nanoparticles provide cooling via Mie scattering of sunlight, while MXene enables strong and broadband (200-2 500 nm) photothermal absorption for heating.

Conclusion In summary, a reversible dual-mode radiative thermoregulatory fabric was successfully demonstrated, fabricated via conjugate electrospinning and weaving. The fabric enables efficient, switchable cooling/heating through simple inversion, outperforming conventional textiles with substantial temperature differentials (ΔT up to 28.4 ℃). The optimized formulations, i.e. 10% PVDF-3% SiO2 nanofiber-coated yarn for cooling and 10% PAN-2% MXene nanofiber-coated yarn for heating, effectively balance processability with excellent optical and thermal performance. This technology offers a highly adaptable, scalable, and energy-free solution for advanced personal thermal management, suitable for outdoor environments.

Key words: radiation modulating fabric, radiative cooling, radiative heating, personal thermal management textiles, dual-mode temperature-regulating fabric, conjugated electrospinning, covered yarn

CLC Number: 

  • TS154

Fig.1

Preparation and structural schematics of RC-NC Yarn and RH-NC Yarn.(a) Fabrication flowchart; (b) Cross-sectional structural schematic"

Fig.2

Physical images and SEM images of RC-NC Yarn with varying SiO2 addition amounts"

Fig.3

Physical images and SEM images of RH-NC Yarn with varying MXene addition amounts"

Fig.4

Thermoregulatory performance of RC-NC Yarn and RH-NC Yarn. (a) Varying SiO2 contents;(b) Varying MXene contents"

Fig.5

FT-IR spectra of RC-NC Yarn, RH-NC Yarn, and raw materials. (a) Radiative cooling;(b) Radiative heating"

Fig.6

SEM images of surface and cross-section of optimal radiation-modulated nanofiber-coated yarn and total spectrum of element distribution"

Fig.7

Solar reflectance and infrared emissivity of uncoated yarn (without SiO2/MXene) versus optimized RC-NC Yarn and RH-NC Yarn. (a) Solar reflectance; (b) Infrared absorptance"

Fig.8

Physical images(a) and temperature comparison curves(b) of pure cotton fabric versus dual-mode thermoregulatory fabric"

Fig.9

Outdoor radiative testing setup and thermoregulation performance. (a) Photograph of testing setup; (b) Schematic of setup;(c) Temperature comparison and solar irradiance"

[1] 朱星月, 史文路, 胡希丽. 个人热管理织物的研究进展[J]. 棉纺织技术, 2025, 53(6): 105-112.
ZHU Xingyue, SHI Wenlu, HU Xili. Research progress of personal thermal management fabric[J]. Cotton Textile Technology, 2025, 53(6): 105-112.
[2] 罗森, 朱达辉, 严舒. 调温服装研究进展与发展趋势的可视化分析[J]. 丝绸, 2024, 61(12): 104-116.
LUO Sen, ZHU Dahui, YAN Shu. Visual analysis of research progress and development trend of temperature regulating clothing[J]. Journal of Silk, 2024, 61(12): 104-116.
[3] HU X J, LI T T, SHOU B B, et al. Novel personal cooling textiles revolutionizing human thermal management: principles, designs and applications[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 499: 155729.
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.155729
[4] XU M Y, LI J, REN J, et al. Superhydrophobic and recyclable passive daytime radiative cooling fabric prepared via electrospinning[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 509: 161274.
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.161274
[5] 高璐, 鲍艳, 张文博, 等. 聚合物基日间辐射冷却材料的设计及应用[J]. 高分子通报, 2023(9): 1158-1173.
GAO Lu, BAO Yan, ZHANG Wenbo, et al. Design and applications of polymer-based daytime radiative cooling materials[J]. Polymer Bulletin, 2023(9): 1158-1173.
[6] LIU R, WANG S C, ZHOU Z G, et al. Materials in radiative cooling technologies[J]. Advanced Materials, 2025, 37(2): 2401577.
doi: 10.1002/adma.v37.2
[7] 俞世雄, 林参天, 祝顺天, 等. 辐射热管理织物及其红外光谱设计的研究进展[J]. 纺织学报, 2025, 46(5): 96-104.
YU Shixiong, LIN Cantian, ZHU Shuntian, et al. Research progress in radiative thermal management fabrics and their infrared spectral design[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(5): 96-104.
[8] 向娇娇, 樊莎, 高达利, 等. 光热转换用碳基材料的制备及应用进展[J]. 浙江理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 48(1): 33-42.
XIANG Jiaojiao, FAN Sha, GAO Dali, et al. Progress in preparation and application of carbon-based materials for photothermal conversion[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2023, 48(1): 33-42.
[9] TAN R M, LI Y Y, BAI G X, et al. Integration of radiative cooling and solar heating in thermal management films for year-round energy savings[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2025, 13(6): 2604-2614.
[10] 彭锦豪, 包新军. 静电纺调温纳米纤维的结构及应用研究进展[J]. 上海纺织科技, 2024, 52(11): 1-8.
PENG Jinhao, BAO Xinjun. Research progress on the structure and application of electrospun temperature regulating nanofibers[J]. Shanghai Textile Science & Technology, 2024, 52(11): 1-8.
[11] 刘霞, 吴改红, 闫子豪, 等. 智能相变调温聚乳酸纤维膜的制备及其性能[J]. 纺织学报, 2024, 45(12): 18-24.
doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20230905301
LIU Xia, WU Gaihong, YAN Zihao, et al. Preparation and properties of intelligent phase change thermoregulated polylactic acid fiber membrane[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2024, 45(12): 18-24.
doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20230905301
[12] 刘叶, 江潇蒙, 沈华, 等. 个人辐射热管理纺织品研究进展[J]. 东华大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 51(5): 166-176.
LIU Ye, JIANG Xiaomeng, SHEN Hua, et al. Recent advances in personal radiative thermal management textiles[J]. Journal of Donghua University (Natural Science), 2025, 51(5): 166-176.
[13] 刘国赛. 正负共轭静电纺丝制备双组份微纳米纤维及其应用[D]. 青岛: 青岛大学, 2019: 11-15.
LIU Guosai. Preparation and application of two-component micro-nanofibers by positive and negative conjugate electrospinning[D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University, 2019: 11-15.
[14] 魏子君, 杨伟峰, 侯成义, 等. PVDF纳米包芯纱线的连续制备及其无线传感应用[J]. 东华大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 51(1): 1-7.
WEI Zijun, YANG Weifeng, HOU Chengyi, et al. Continuous preparation of PVDF nanofibers core yarn and the wireless sensing applications[J]. Journal of Donghua University (Natural Science), 2025, 51(1): 1-7.
[15] 盛杰. 基于MXene的酶-金属级联催化体系构建及其在绿色手性合成与有机磷降解中的应用研究[D]. 上海: 上海师范大学, 2025: 10-12.
SHENG Jie. Construction of MXene-based enzyme-metal cascade catalytic system and its application in green chiral synthesis and organophosphorus degradation[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Normal University, 2025: 10-12.
[16] 周玉嫚, 张庆, 廖焕如, 等. 串珠结构PVDF/SiO2纳米纤维膜的构建及日间辐射制冷性能[J]. 印染, 2023, 49(9): 7-12.
ZHOU Yuman, ZHANG Qing, LIAO Huanru, et al. Construction of beaded PVDF/SiO2 nanofiber film and its daytime radiation cooling performance[J]. China Dyeing & Finishing, 2023, 49(9): 7-12.
[17] 刘润政, 韩宗晟, 黄晓卫, 等. PLA/SiO2/TiO2双层复合膜辐射制冷性能研究[J/OL]. 纺织高校基础科学学报, 2025: 1-8. (2025-08-26). https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1296.ts.20250826.1326.002.html.
LIU Runzheng, HAN Zongsheng, HUANG Xiaowei, et al. Radiative cooling performance of PLA/SiO2/TiO2 bilayer composite films[J/OL]. Basic Sciences Journal of Textile Universities, 2025: 1-8. (2025-08-26). https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1296.ts.20250826.1326.002.html.
[18] WANG C H, CHEN H, WANG F Q. Passive daytime radiative cooling materials toward real-world applications[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2024, 144: 101276.
doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101276
[19] 栾俨丁, 王艳, 王磊, 等. 多尺度孔隙结构及其在辐射制冷中的应用进展[J/OL]. 材料导报, 2025: 1-15. (2025-06-24). https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD&filename=CLDB20250623009.
LUAN Yanding, WANG Yan, WANG Lei, et al. Multi-scale pore structure and its application in radiative cooling[J/OL]. Materials Reports, 2025: 1-15. (2025-06-24). https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD&filename=CLDB20250623009.
[20] 陈廷彬, 蒋鑫, 毛海力, 等. 双模式热管理功能性纺织品的制备及其性能[J]. 纺织学报, 2025, 46(7): 160-168.
CHEN Tingbin, JIANG Xin, MAO Haili, et al. Preparation and performance evaluation of dual-mode thermal management functional textiles[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(7): 160-168.
[21] 石周钊, 吕呈龙. 基于二氧化硅辐射制冷材料光谱调控计算[J]. 湘潭大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 47(5): 83-93.
SHI Zhouzhao, LYU Chenglong. Computational study of spectral modulation in SiO2-based radiative cooling materials[J]. Journal of Xiangtan University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 47(5): 83-93.
[1] XU Haowen, AO Limin. Technical principle and experiment of real-time core yarn reverse twisting method for snarl-free covered yarns [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2026, 47(01): 98-105.
[2] SHI Binlin, DONG Zhijia, MA Pibo, CONG Honglian, WU Guangjun, LIU Bo. Structural design of robot neck joint covering using whole-garment knitting technology [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(12): 116-122.
[3] ZHANG Yifei, WAN Yue, JI Ruoyun, FU Shaoju, WANG Lu, GUAN Guoping. Evaluation of wear performance of natural silk/spandex medical compression sleeves [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(07): 111-118.
[4] CHEN Tingbin, JIANG Xin, MAO Haili, WANG Chengcheng, ZHANG Liping. Preparation and performance evaluation of dual-mode thermal management functional textiles [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(07): 160-168.
[5] TENG Yanfei, WAN Ailan. Development and properties of deodorant sports socks [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(06): 120-126.
[6] AO Limin, PAN Liufei, TANG Wen, FANG Ruifeng. Composite structures and properties of quadratically-fed covered yarns [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2025, 46(01): 52-61.
[7] WANG Qingpeng, ZHANG Haiyan, WANG Yuting, ZHANG Tao, ZHAO Yan. Preparation and properties of polyethylene oxide/Al2O3 passive radiative cooling membrane [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2024, 45(09): 33-41.
[8] JIA Bingfan, AO Limin, TANG Wen, ZHENG Yuansheng, SHANG Shanshan. Processing of wool yarn/polyamide filament covered yarns and their properties and applications [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2023, 44(12): 58-66.
[9] WANG Yaqian, WAN Ailan, ZENG Deng, WU Guangjun, QI Qian. Preparation of shape memory polyurethane/polyamide covered yarn and properties of compression socks [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2023, 44(10): 53-59.
[10] AO Limin, TANG Wen. Influences of twist and twist direction arrangement on properties of double covered yarns [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2023, 44(07): 50-56.
[11] WU Qinxin, HOU Chengyi, LI Yaogang, ZHANG Qinghong, QIN Zongyi, WANG Hongzhi. Radiative cooling nanofiber medical fabrics and sensor system integration [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2021, 42(09): 24-30.
[12] XIONG Xiangzhang, PEI Zeguang, CHEN Ge. Study on actuating force of knit actuator based on covered yarn with shape memory alloy wire as core [J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2020, 41(05): 50-57.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
京ICP备14006648号
Copyright 2021 © Editorial office of Journal of Textile Research
Supported by Beijing Magtech Co.Ltd