Journal of Textile Research ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (08): 145-153.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20250103001

• Dyeing and Finishing Engineering • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Preparation and properties of high-efficient flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics with tannic acid based flame retardants

XU Yunkai1,2,3,4, SONG Wanmeng1,2,3,4, ZHANG Xu1,2,3,4, LIU Yun1,2,3,4()   

  1. 1. College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
    2. Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
    3. National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
    4. Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
  • Received:2025-01-13 Revised:2025-04-16 Online:2025-08-15 Published:2025-08-15
  • Contact: LIU Yun E-mail:yliu@qdu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Objective Lyocell fabrics are used in the clothing and home decoration industries because of their excellent comfort, soft handle and easy coloring. However, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of Lyocell fabrics is only 19.0%, and it is very easy to be ignited, causing fire accidents. Some of traditional halogenated flame retardants can produce toxic gases and seriously harm to the environment in the process of using, and people are more inclined to choose efficient, green and pollution-free bio-based flame retardants. It is, therefore, necessary to design a biomass flame retardant to improve the flame retardancy of Lyocell fabrics.

Method Tannic acid (TA) and Diethylene triamine pentakis (methyl phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA) were used to prepare flame retardants (named TD). Flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics were prepared by pad-dry-cure finishing method. For comparison,flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics were prepared by 50 g/L and 100 g/L flame-retardant finishing solutions, which were named as L-TDa and L-TDb, respectively. The flame retardancy, mechanical properties and air permeability were investigated for LOI, vertical flame tests (VFT), micro-scale combustion calorimetry test (MCC), universal testing machine and fully automated permeability instrument.

Results The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that TD adhered to Lyocell fabrics, but the flame retardants did not block the spaces between the fibers, hence the air permeability of flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics was not affected. Due to the lower thermal stability of the flame retardants, TD facilitate the premature dehydration and carbonization of TD, reducing the thermal stability of flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics in low-temperature regions, while improving their thermal stability in high-temperature regions both in nitrogen and air atmosphere. The VFT results indicated that flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics achieved self-extinguishing after ignition, and the after-flame time and the after-glow time were 0 s. The damaged length of L-TDa and L-TDb were only 54 mm and 51 mm, and the LOI values of L-TDa and L-TDb increased to 38.6% and 48.2%. It can be obtained that flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics had better flame retardancy compared with that of control Lyocell fabrics. Meanwhile, the MCC results presented that TD had a significant inhibitory effect on the heat release of flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics. The peak heat release rates of L-TDa and L-TDb were decreased by 76.0% and 94.1% compared with that of control Lyocell fabrics. The retention ratios of breaking force in both the warp and weft direction of L-TDa and L-TDb were over 70%, meeting the daily use expectation. The air permeability results indicated that the air permeability of flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics were not negatively affected, but was even enhanced compared with that of control Lyocell fabrics. The results of anti-ultraviolet tests showed that the UVA and UVB of flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics were significantly lower than those of control Lyocell fabrics, having better anti-ultraviolet properties. The antibacterial results showed that the flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics had certain antibacterial effect on S. aureus and E. coli, in which the antibacterial rate of L-TDb to S. aureus and E. coli reached 97.4% and 93.3%, respectively.

Conclusion It can be concluded that TD treatment improved the flame retardancy of Lyocell fabrics and conferred certain antibacterial and anti-ultraviolet properties on Lyocell fabrics. However, the warp and weft breaking force of these flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics had been decreased, calling for further improvement in the future to reduce the damage of flame retardants to the mechanical properties of Lyocell fabrics. Meanwhile, the handle and whiteness of flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics also need to be further studied. Considering the better performance of flame-retardant Lyocell fabrics in VFT and LOI, it can be concluded that phosphorous-containing biomass flame retardants have excellent flame-retardant effect and give Lyocell fabrics better flame retardancy.

Key words: flame retardancy, Lyocell fabric, tannic acid, diethylene triamine pentakis (methyl phosphonic acid), bio-based flame retardant, flame-retardant fabric, functional textile

CLC Number: 

  • TS195.2

Tab.1

Flame-retardant Lyocell fabric"

试样编号 整理液类别 整理液质量浓度/(g·L-1)
L-TDa TD 50
L-TDb TD 100
L-TA TA 50
L-DTPMPA DTPMPA 50

Fig.1

SEM images of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment. (a)Control Lyocell fabric; (b)L-TA; (c)L-DTPMPA; (d)L-TDa; (e)L-TDb"

Fig.2

TG (a) and DTG (b) curves of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment in N2"

Tab.2

TG and DTG data of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment in N2"

样品名称 T5%/
℃		 Tmax/
℃		 Rmax/
(%·℃-1)		 700 ℃时的
残炭量/%
原Lyocell织物 283 353 2.20 9.60
L-TA 262 325 1.16 6.46
L-DTPMPA 206 286 0.46 23.34
L-TDa 200 290 0.47 29.44
L-TDb 205 227 0.38 39.94

Tab.3

TG and DTG data of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment in air"

样品名称 T5%/
℃		 Tmax1/
℃		 Rmax1/
(%·℃-1)		 Tmax2/
℃		 Rmax2/
(%·℃-1)		 700 ℃时
残炭
量/%
原Lyocell织物 278 337 1.17 477 0.21 1.20
L-TA 221 317 1.02 499 0.17 0.21
L-DTPMPA 207 286 0.48 512 0.24 0.36
L-TDa 213 288 0.46 511 0.25 0.60
L-TDb 205 227 0.38 530 0.25 2.10

Fig.3

TG (a) and DTG (b)curves of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment in air"

Fig.4

Digital photos and SEM images of char residues of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment after VFT"

Tab.4

Results of VFT and LOI values of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment"

样品名称 增重
率/%		 续燃时
间/s		 阴燃时
间/s		 损毁长
度/mm		 LOI值/
%
原Lyocell织物 0.0 19 72 300 19.0
L-TA 7.9 0 0 300 19.1
L-DTPMPA 7.5 0 0 92 38.7
L-TDa 8.2 0 0 54 38.6
L-TDb 16.7 0 0 51 48.2
L-TDb(5次水洗) 6.5 0 0 300 25.2

Fig.5

HRR curves of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment"

Tab.5

Results of micro-scale combustion calorimetry test of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment"

样品名称 PHRR/
(W·g-1)		 TPHRR/
℃		 THR/
(kJ·g-1)		 残炭
量/%
原Lyocell织物 341 362 21.3 5.0
L-TA 346 327 20.1 7.5
L-DTPMPA 90 276 4.6 35.0
L-TDa 82 289 8.7 43.2
L-TDb 20 203 8.0 44.7

Fig.6

Breaking force of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment"

Fig.7

Air permeability of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment"

Tab.6

UV transmittance and UPF value of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment"

样品名称 透过率/% UPF值
UVA UVB
原Lyocell织物 10.98 6.35 13
L-TA 2.93 1.38 63
L-DTPMPA 9.68 5.25 16
L-TDa 4.13 2.71 59
L-TDb 3.23 2.16 74

Fig.8

Antibacterial effect of Lyocell fabrics before and after flame-retardant treatment on S. aureus(a) and E. coli(b)"

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