纺织学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (04): 194-202.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20201102509

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相变材料在热防护服上的应用研究进展

朱晓荣1, 何佳臻1,2(), 王敏2   

  1. 1.苏州大学 纺织与服装工程学院, 江苏 苏州 215006
    2.东华大学 现代服装设计与技术教育部重点实验室, 上海 200051
  • 收稿日期:2020-11-12 修回日期:2022-01-13 出版日期:2022-04-15 发布日期:2022-04-20
  • 通讯作者: 何佳臻
  • 作者简介:朱晓荣(1995—),女,硕士生。主要研究方向为热防护功能服装。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(51906169);教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(18YJC760021);中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2017M621816);中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2019T120455);现代服装设计与技术教育部重点实验室开放课题(KCLDT2020-04)

Application research progress in phase change materials for thermal protective clothing

ZHU Xiaorong1, HE Jiazhen1,2(), WANG Min2   

  1. 1. College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
    2. Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
  • Received:2020-11-12 Revised:2022-01-13 Published:2022-04-15 Online:2022-04-20
  • Contact: HE Jiazhen

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摘要：

为深入了解和提高附加相变材料热防护服的热防护性能,对现阶段相变材料在热防护服中的应用、影响因素以及未来研究趋势进行综述。首先介绍了相变材料的类型和特点,阐述了相变材料基于密封袋法、纺丝法和微胶囊技术的织物后整理法在热防护服中的应用;其次回顾了附加相变材料热防护服传热模型的发展过程,重点从相变材料的类型、相变温度、添加量以及相变材料在多层防护服装中的配置等角度归纳了影响热防护性能的因素;最后从新型服用相变材料的研发、降低相变材料储存热释放等角度预测了相变材料未来在该领域的研究趋势。

关键词: 热防护服, 相变材料, 热防护性能, 传热模型

Abstract:

In order to understand and improve the thermal protective performance of thermal protective clothing with phase change materials (PCMs), the application, influencing factors and future research trends of PCMs in thermal protective clothing were summarized in this review paper. The types and characteristics of PCMs were introduced, and the application methods of PCMs in thermal protective clothing using the sealed bag method, spinning method and fabric finishing of microcapsule technology were presented. In addition, the development process of heat transfer model of thermal protective clothing incorporated with PCMs were reviewed. The factors affecting thermal protective performance were summarized from the aspects of material type, phase change temperature, added amount and configuration of PCMs in a multilayer protective clothing. Finally, the future research trends of PCMs in this field were analyzed from the perspectives of researching and developing new PCMs and reducing heat storage release of PCMs.

Key words: thermal protective clothing, phase change material, thermal protective performance, heat transfer model

中图分类号: 

  • TS941.73

表1

不同类型的相变材料特点"

种类 组成 相变温度/℃ 优点 缺点
无机PCM 水合盐 35 导热系数大,蓄热密度大 过冷、易析出
有机PCM 石蜡类烷烃、有机酸 18~40 不过冷、不析出,化学性质稳定 导热系数小,蓄热密度小
多元醇类 24~40 过冷度小,热效率高 高温为塑性晶体,易挥发
混合型PCM 无机和有机复合 -140~670 储能密度大、传热迅速、稳定 材料结构复杂,界面处理较难

表2

附加相变材料的热防护服传热模型的发展"

参考文献 模型特点 重要结论或意义 模型存在的不足
[32] 稳态热流下的简单传热模型 可预测多层织物系统内的温度分布 未涉及皮肤内部的传热
[33] 将人体假想为圆柱体,并在柱体周壁上包覆相变材料 PCM的潜热、熔点等对防护服热防护性能均有影响 只考虑径向导热,未考虑到皮肤烧伤的温度阈值
[34] 能够描述包括PCM层在内的服装各层的热传导 模型中考虑了由于血液灌注引起的皮肤热损伤 未考虑PCM在高温火场温度梯度下性能的变化,未进行实验验证
[35] 附加相变微胶囊多孔织物热湿传递模型 模型中考虑了更加接近实际的PCM 特性 忽略纤维因含水量变化产生的几何形变对热湿传递的影响,假设织物内各项及相变微胶囊分布均匀
[36] 含PCM的多层热防护服的传热模型 实测值与模型输出较为逼近,可用来真实地模拟预测多层消防服的热防护性能 未考虑高温下服装材料的降解吸热或放热效应,忽略了服装材料内的湿份影响
[37] 采用焓法建立相变传热的热数学模型 除分析织物传热外,还可了解穿着背心的人体动态皮肤温度分布和出汗率 只考虑通过覆盖人体表面部分的相变背心的传热来分析背心与体表之间的热流传导
[38] 对包含相变材料在内的仅由热传导引起的一维传热的预测 可量化相变材料对防护性能的影响,模型中服装系统内温度与实验数据吻合 模型中空气层厚度大小近似为织物表面测温热电偶的直径,降低了模型的准确性
[39] 仅考虑PCM填充层(质量和相变温度)的影响 预测相变温度范围较窄的PCM的热缓冲效果 假设整个样品温度均匀,将相变温度固定为特定值
[40] 对嵌入相变材料的服装层间开发的一维传热模型 PCM放置在防水层与隔热内层之间效果更好,厚度越大,热防护效果越好 未对模型进行同等物理边界条件下的实验性验证
[41] 织物-相变材料模型与多节点分段瞬时生物热模型相结合 预测给定环境条件、已知相变材料和服装属性下服装中滞留空气层的温度 模型较复杂,需要已知的初始条件较多
[42] 模拟通过含相变材料的服装层和皮肤层的热传递 模拟了皮肤各层的热传递,考虑了由于血液灌注引起的皮肤热损伤 未考虑材料降解和水分传递热量

表3

相变材料在多层消防服体系内的配置研究"

参考文献 相变层配置方式 相变层材料 研究结论
[34] 外层+相变层+隔热层+空气层+皮肤 未明确指出 嵌入相变材料的防护服具有更好的防护效果,可延缓皮肤温度上升
[36] 配置1:外层+防水透气层+相变层+隔热层+空气
配置2:外层+防水透气层+隔热层+相变层+空气		 烷烃、聚氨酯泡沫微胶囊 相变材料层较高的熔点对应着较低的皮肤升温速率;高热流环境下,相变材料置放于隔热层的外侧,反之相反
[38] 外层+防水透气层+隔热层+相变层+舒适层 德国RUBITHERM公司PX52、GR80、PK82材料 相变潜热效应能调节织物层内温度,有效降低消防装备的整体质量
[40] 配置1:外层+防水透气层+相变层+隔热层
配置2:外层+相变层+防水透气层+隔热层		 未明确指出 配置1的防护效果较好,相变材料添加质量越大,防护性能越好
[48] 外层+防水透气层+隔热层+舒适层+相变微胶囊层 芯材为石蜡,壁材为密胺树脂高分子材料 系统内热防护性能值提高了50.6%,PCM添加量越多,热防护性能越好
[56] 外层+防水透气层+隔热层+相变层+舒适层 4种固态相变材料 添加了PCM后,消防服每单位面积质量可吸收更多的热能,降低消防员皮肤表面的温度
[55] 配置1:外层+相变层+隔热层+空气层+皮肤
配置2:外层+相变层+空气层+隔热层+空气层+皮肤		 未明确指出 配置2防护效果较好;额外的空气层可增加热防护性能,且不会增加系统质量
[42] 配置1:外层+相变层+内层+空气层+皮肤
配置2:外层+相变层+空气层+内层+空气层+皮肤		 多种无机水合盐 配置2防护效果较好,且0.17 mm的MgCl2·6H2O热防护性能最佳
[57] 外层+相变层+隔热层+皮肤 癸酸 PCM潜热、质量、熔点和配置方式对热防护服整体均有影响
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