纺织学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (12): 123-132.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20250601001

• 纺织工程 • 上一篇    下一篇

针织结构温度传感器设计及其着装传感性能

张莹1, 郭明靖1, 王利君1,2,3()   

  1. 1.浙江理工大学 服装学院, 浙江 杭州 310018
    2.浙江理工大学 服装数字化技术浙江省工程实验室,浙江 杭州 310018
    3.浙江理工大学 丝绸文化传承与产品设计数字化技术文化和旅游部重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310018
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05 修回日期:2025-09-30 出版日期:2025-12-15 发布日期:2026-02-06
  • 通讯作者: 王利君(1971—),女,教授,博士。研究方向为舒适性与功能服装、数字化服装技术。E-mail:wanglijunhz@zstu.edu.cn。
  • 作者简介:张莹(2000—),女,硕士生。主要研究方向为智能与功能服装。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(11471287);中国纺织工业联合会科技指导性计划项目一般项目(J201801);教育部产学合作协同育人项目(220602005245313);浙江理工大学科研启动基金项目(17072191-Y)

Design of knitted temperature sensors and their sensing performance under wearing conditions

ZHANG Ying1, GUO Mingjing1, WANG Lijun1,2,3()   

  1. 1. School of Fashion Design & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
    2. Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Digital Clothing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou,Zhejiang 310018, China
    3. Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Silk Cultural Inheritance and Product Design,Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
  • Received:2025-06-05 Revised:2025-09-30 Published:2025-12-15 Online:2026-02-06

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摘要： 为优化针织结构柔性温度传感器设计,满足着装状态下监测人体皮肤温度的要求,选用镀银锦纶纱线和提花添纱工艺,通过正交试验分析纱线线密度、织物组织、添纱行数、添纱列数与针织结构温度传感器传感性能的关系,以及着装因素对传感器感温线性度和灵敏度的影响。结果表明:针织结构传感器的最佳制备工艺参数组合为155.56 dtex镀银锦纶纱线、1+2假罗纹组织、添纱24行、添纱24列,对应静态电阻2.813 Ω、线性度99.57%、灵敏度0.014 4 ℃、稳定性1.79%,其线性度和灵敏度最好;人体体表凸起程度、着装压力大小、增加外层织物层数均会提高传感器的线性度和灵敏度。研究结果可为针织结构柔性温度传感器的设计与应用提供参考。

关键词: 针织结构, 温度传感器, 温度信号监测, 镀银锦纶纱线, 传感性能, 着装因素, 柔性传感器, 智能服装

Abstract:

Objective The changes in human skin temperature can indirectly reflect the functional status of the circulatory system, nervous system, or local tissues. At present, sensors that can monitor human temperature signals are mainly divided into non-fabric type and fabric type. Non-fabric temperature sensors have problems such as poor comfort and fit, limited wearability, insufficient environmental adaptability, and high cost. Therefore, fabric based temperature sensors have become a hot research topic. This study aims to optimize the design of knitted flexible temperature sensors for monitoring human skin temperature during wearing. Additionally, the influence of wearing factors (e.g., body surface curvature, wearing pressure, and outer clothing layers) on the linearity and sensitivity of the sensors is investigated to enhance the understanding for their design and applications.

Method By using silver-plated polyamide yarn and jacquard plating technology, an orthogonal experimental design is employed to analyze the relationships between yarn linear density, fabric structure, plating rows/columns, and the sensing performance of knitted temperature sensors. Silver-plated polyamide yarn (with linear densities of 77.78, 111.11, and 155.56 dtex) and jacquard plating technology are used to fabricate 16 knitted sensor samples with 1+1, 1+2 and 2+2 rib structures, varying plating rows (6,12, 18, 24) and columns (24, 36, 48, 60). A orthogonal experiment is conducted to test static resistance, linearity, sensitivity and stability. Wearing simulations involve measuring sensors on curved surfaces (scapula convex and lumbar concave areas), applying pressures (1.175 1-3.1 751 kPa), and adding 1-3 outer clothing layers.

Results The static resistance is within 26.872 Ω, negatively correlating with fabric grammage and plating rows, but positively with thickness. Linearity improves with increased thickness (quadratic fit, R2=0.611) and plating rows (logarithmic fit, R2=0.412). Sensitivity is positively related to yarn linear density and plating rows, described by a multiple linear regression (R2=0.617). The optimal parameters are 155.56 dtex yarn, 1+2 rib structure, 24 plating rows/columns, with static resistance of 2.813 Ω, linearity of 99.57%, sensitivity of 0.014 4 ℃-1, and stability of 1.79%. Wearing experiments show that linearity and sensitivity decrease at the sunken lumbar region due to contact gaps, while increasing at the convex scapular region due to close contact. Increasing wearing pressure and outer fabric layers can improve sensor linearity and sensitivity.

Conclusion This study establishes quantitative relationships between process parameters and sensing performance, providing optimal design guidelines for knitted temperature sensors. Findings highlight multi-factor (synergy of yarn, structure, plating) significantly affects sensor performance, surpassing single-factor analyses in prior studies. Innovative consideration of wearing dynamics reveals body curvature, pressure, outer clothing layers are critical for practical use. These results enable development of wearable sensors with enhanced adaptability to human physiology and clothing environments, offering foundation for intelligent health-monitoring textiles. Future work is expected to explore dynamic motion effects and long-term durability under repeated wearing.

Key words: knitted structure, temperature sensor, temperature signal monitoring, silver-plated polyamide yarn, sensing performance, dressing factor, flexible sensor, smart clothing

中图分类号: 

  • TS181

表1

镀银锦纶纱线规格"

纱线线密
度/dtex		 复丝
根数		 捻度/
(捻·(10 cm)-1)		 原料及含量
77.78 24 17.44 银17%、锦纶83%
111.11 36 17.33 银17%、锦纶83%
155.56 48 17.27 银17%、锦纶83%

图1

提花添纱结构及其电阻六角模型"

表2

正交试验方案"

试样
编号		 A
纱线线
密度/dtex		 B
组织结构		 C
添纱行		 D
添纱列
1# 77.78 1+1假罗纹 6 24
2# 155.56 2+1假罗纹 6 48
3# 77.78 1+1假罗纹 6 60
4# 111.11 1+2假罗纹 6 36
5# 111.11 1+1假罗纹 18 24
6# 77.78 2+1假罗纹 12 24
7# 155.56 1+2假罗纹 24 24
8# 77.78 1+1假罗纹 24 48
9# 77.78 1+1假罗纹 24 36
10# 77.78 2+1假罗纹 18 36
11# 111.11 2+1假罗纹 24 60
12# 111.11 1+1假罗纹 12 48
13# 155.56 1+1假罗纹 18 60
14# 155.56 1+1假罗纹 12 36
15# 77.78 1+2假罗纹 18 48
16# 77.78 1+2假罗纹 12 60

图2

提花添纱结构传感织物虚拟仿真图"

表3

主要纱线与纱嘴配置"

纱嘴编号 连接纱线种类 作用
1 弹性纱线 辅助编织的临时纱线,织出起底部分(为废纱)
3 镀银锦纶纱线 织造传感区域(为添纱)
5 涤纶/棉混纺纱 织造非传感区域(为主纱)
7 锦纶纱线 作为主纱与废纱的连接纱

图3

不同组织织物实物图"

图4

不同曲度部位选取"

表4

施加压力与外层结构的组合参数"

组合
编号		 组合条件 质量/g 压力/
kPa		 组合
层数		 厚度/
mm
0 基础对照组 8.755 0.175 1 0 0
1 橡皮+50 g砝码 58.755 1.175 1 1 0.30
2 橡皮+100 g砝码 108.755 2.175 1 2 0.56
3 橡皮+150 g砝码 158.755 3.175 1 3 0.86

图5

传感性能测试示意图"

图6

传感性能测试与表征曲线"

图7

16种传感织物试样的电阻-温度曲线"

表5

结构参数与织物传感性能的相关分析"

因素 静态电阻 线性度 灵敏度
相关
系数		 显著
性		 相关
系数		 显著
性		 相关
系数		 显著
性
面密度 -0.533* 0.034 0.185 0.494 0.753** 0.001
厚度 -0.629** 0.009 0.684** 0.003 0.426 0.100
横密 -0.261 0.329 0.464 0.070 -0.017 0.950
纵密 0.601* 0.014 -0.605* 0.013 -0.463 0.071
线圈长度 -0.257 0.337 -0.013 0.961 0.180 0.506
纱线线密度 -0.348 0.186 0.171 0.528 0.569* 0.021
组织结构 0.001 0.991 0.022 0.868 0.041 0.761
添纱行数 -0.702** 0.002 0.656** 0.006 0.584* 0.018
添纱列数 0.371 0.157 -0.229 0.393 -0.440 0.088

表6

各显著因素-传感性能模型拟合结果"

因变量 自变量 模型 调整后R2 F P值 常数 b1 b2 b3
静态电阻 添纱行数/面密度 线性函数 0.593 11.908 0.000 102.174 -3.162 -0.382 —
厚度 二次函数 0.611 10.193 0.002 -5.339 11.583 -5.301 —
S函数 0.481 12.975 0.003 0.234 -0.271 — —
线性度 线密度 二次函数 0.310 4.372 0.035 1.025 -0.059 0.016 —
三次函数 0.310 4.372 0.035 0.993 已排除 -0.016 0.005
添纱行数 次方函数 0.413 11.532 0.004 0.970 0.014 — —
对数函数 0.412 11.501 0.004 0.970 0.014 — —
灵敏度 添纱行数/线密度 线性函数 0.617 13.088 0.000 0.007 0.001 0.001 -

表7

织物结构参数与传感性能极差分析结果"

传感织物
编号		 结构参数 传感性能
面密度/
(g·m-2)		 厚度/
mm		 横密/
(纵行·(5 cm)-1)		 纵密/
(横列·(5 cm)-1)		 线圈长
度/mm		 静态电
阻Rs/Ω		 线性度
L/%		 灵敏度
α/℃-1
1# 215.84 1.03 52 93 4.24 12.588 97.62 0.008 6
2# 226.71 1.05 52 93 4.27 14.533 97.30 0.009 3
3# 215.05 1.03 52 93 4.26 26.872 96.81 0.008 1
4# 224.27 1.02 50 93 4.30 10.794 96.18 0.010 3
5# 228.57 1.08 52 91 4.26 3.150 97.73 0.012 8
6# 215.87 1.05 56 92 4.25 8.395 98.23 0.010 7
7# 234.92 1.09 52 90 4.31 2.813 99.57 0.014 4
8# 217.46 1.10 54 90 4.30 7.081 98.88 0.010 2
9# 219.78 1.11 54 90 4.25 5.732 99.41 0.011 9
10# 215.87 1.11 56 91 4.26 7.878 98.52 0.009 7
11# 225.40 1.12 54 90 4.34 4.862 97.50 0.010 8
12# 228.57 1.04 52 93 4.26 7.994 96.61 0.011 0
13# 228.83 1.11 58 91 4.28 4.736 99.36 0.011 5
14# 230.16 1.06 52 93 4.26 5.072 99.49 0.012 7
15# 220.88 1.09 53 91 4.29 7.757 99.01 0.010 3
16# 220.63 1.05 54 92 4.29 13.213 97.09 0.008 8
静态电阻Rs k1 11.189 5 9.153 1 16.196 8 6.736 5
k2 6.702 0 8.644 3 8.668 5 7.369 0
k3 6.788 5 8.917 0 5.880 3 9.341 3
k4 — — 5.122 0 12.420 8
R 4.489 5 0.508 9 11.074 8 5.684 3
线性度L k1 0.982 0 0.982 4 0.969 8 0.982 9
k2 0.970 0 0.979 6 0.978 6 0.984 0
k3 0.989 3 0.978 9 0.986 5 0.979 5
k4 — — 0.988 4 0.976 9
R 0.019 3 0.003 5 0.018 6 0.007 1
灵敏度α k1 0.009 8 0.010 8 0.009 1 0.011 6
k2 0.011 2 0.011 0 0.010 8 0.011 2
k3 0.011 9 0.010 1 0.011 1 0.010 2
k4 — — 0.011 8 0.009 8
R 0.002 2 0.000 8 0.002 7 0.001 8

图8

试样反面的浮长线分布示意图"

表8

不同着装因素下各试样的线性度、灵敏度变化"

着装
因素		 试样
编号		 传感
指标		 组合编号
0 1 2 3
人体
体表
曲度		 7# 线性度 0.995 7 0.993 9 0.996 7 0.995 9
灵敏度 0.014 4 0.013 7 0.014 9 0.014 5
10# 线性度 0.985 2 0.983 6 0.986 0 0.983 2
灵敏度 0.009 7 0.009 5 0.010 0 0.009 6
12# 线性度 0.966 1 0.964 7 0.966 9 0.963 7
灵敏度 0.011 0 0.010 9 0.011 2 0.010 8
压力 7# 线性度 0.995 6 0.996 1 0.996 5 0.996 6
灵敏度 0.015 0 0.015 2 0.015 4 0.015 5
10# 线性度 0.985 3 0.985 8 0.986 6 0.986 9
灵敏度 0.010 0 0.010 4 0.010 9 0.011 1
12# 线性度 0.966 1 0.966 5 0.966 6 0.966 8
灵敏度 0.011 1 0.011 4 0.011 7 0.011 8
外层
织物
层数		 7# 线性度 0.995 7 0.995 8 0.996 1 0.996 2
灵敏度 0.014 4 0.014 6 0.014 8 0.015 0
10# 线性度 0.985 0 0.985 5 0.986 0 0.986 4
灵敏度 0.009 8 0.010 0 0.010 4 0.010 6
12# 线性度 0.966 1 0.966 4 0.966 6 0.966 7
灵敏度 0.011 0 0.011 2 0.011 5 0.011 7
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