Objective The conventional wound dressings have limitations including difficulty in conforming to irregular wound surfaces due to fixed shapes, inability to intelligently respond to wound conditions, and potential for secondary injury during dressing changes. In order to address these limitations, a multifunctional hydrogel dressing was engineered to intelligently respond to wound conditions while maintaining excellent biocompatibility, thereby enhancing the management of chronic and complex wounds.

Method Aldehyde-functionalized cellulose nanofiber (DACNF) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) were selected as matrix materials. By introducing thermosensitive polymer segments of poly(N-isopropyl-acrylamide) (PNIPAm), a composite thermosensitive hydrogel system was constructed. The multi-level structure and functional properties of this hydrogel were systematically characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Results This composite hydrogel exhibits a uniform and continuous three-dimensional porous structure with a pore size distribution ranging from 20 μm to 80 μm. This structure facilitates efficient transport of water, nutrients, and drug molecules. Swelling property tests revealed that the material achieved a water absorption swelling rate of 1 415.4% within 8 h, demonstrating exceptional liquid absorption capacity. This enables effective management of wound exudate, preventing local maceration while maintaining an optimally moist healing environment. Regarding antibacterial property, it exhibited over 99.9% inhibition rates against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, indicating significant broad-spectrum antibacterial effects on preventing wound infections. Additionally, this hydrogel demonstrated reversible thermoresponsive behavior, with a gel-to-solution transition temperature of approximately 34 ℃. At room temperature (25 ℃), it existed as a flowable solution capable of seamlessly covering irregular wound surfaces. Upon contact with skin (approximately 37 ℃), it rapidly transformed into a stable gel state within 300 s, firmly adhering to and protecting the wound. During dressing changes, localized cooling reversed it back to a sol state, enabling painless, non-invasive dressing replacement and significantly reducing patient discomfort.

Conclusion A novel hydrogel dressing with rapid thermosensitive responsiveness, high fluid absorption capacity, and potent antimicrobial properties has been successfully developed. Its outstanding biocompatibility, intelligent response characteristics, and reversible adhesion functionality demonstrate significant application potential in chronic wound care, extensive burn treatment, pressure ulcer management, and the repair of other irregular wound surfaces. This hydrogel not only overcomes multiple inherent drawbacks of conventional dressings but also provides novel material design strategies and practical foundations for developing next-generation smart wound management products.

Objective Conventional ionogel sensors are critically limited by dense film formats, suffering from poor moisture/air permeability and wearing comfort. This study combines a self-healing polyurethane (SHPU) matrix, based on dynamic imine-urea bonds, with the ionic liquid EMIM:DCA to create a material engineered in both film and fiber forms. The primary objective is to establish a scalable material fabrication route (solution casting, wet spinning), optimizing conductivity, robust mechanical properties, efficient intrinsic self-healing, and reliable sensing capabilities essential for practical, long-term wearable health monitoring.

Method SHPU was synthesized via catalytic reaction using poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and dynamic chain extenders (2-amino-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (UPy), dimethylglyoxime (DMG) and glycerol). SHPU dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/ethanol was blended with 10%-40% ionic liquid EMIM:DCA. Films were prepared by solution-casting, and fibers were wet-spun into a water coagulation bath, using solvent ratio and drawing speed to control the fiber morphology. The chemical structure was confirmed by Fourier transform intrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and surface wettability, thermal stability, mechanical/self-healing properties, and morphology were characterized via contact angle, thermogravimtric analysis (TGA), tensile tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Fiber sensing performance was assessed by recording resistance changes during cyclic stretching using a coupled universal tester and source meter.

Results The experimental results revealed that the prepared films possess excellent thermal stability, with an initial thermal decomposition temperature exceeding 150 ℃. As EMIM:DCA content increased, the films became noticeably more hydrophilic, with water contact angle decreasing from 109.6° for pure SHPU to 47.91° for films containing 40% EMIM:DCA.

In terms of mechanical properties, the SHPU film containing 10% EMIM:DCA exhibited a tensile strength of 10.2 MPa and an elongation at break of 685%. Higher ionic liquid content caused reduction in strength but improved material compliance. All formulations showed outstanding self-healing ability. After being cut and healed at 80 ℃ for 12 h, stress healing efficiency exceeded 88% and strain healing efficiency exceeded 89% across the series. Notably, the 40% EMIM:DCA film achieved full (100%) stress self-healing. Optical microscopy confirmed that the cut interfaces closed effectively after healing.

SEM images confirmed that wet spinning produced continuous, uniform EMIM:DCA/SHPU fibers with smooth surfaces without obvious defects. The sensing performance of the fibers depended strongly on the EMIM:DCA content. Fibers with 30% EMIM:DCA offered an optimal balance, acting as effective strain sensors with a gauge factor of 3.58 within the 50%-120% strain range. These sensors responded rapidly, exhibiting both response and recovery times within 703 ms during hand-motion detection. In practical tests, the fiber sensors reliably monitored and distinguished complex human movements. Real-time resistance signals clearly captured variations corresponding to flexion and extension of the wrist, elbow, index finger, and middle finger. For example, elbow bending at different angles (0°, 30°, 60°, 90°) produced a distinct stepwise increase in relative resistance. Moreover, the sensors maintained stable signal output over 500 stretch-release cycles at 50% strain, demonstrating good durability for dynamic motion tracking.

Conclusion EMIM:DCA/SHPU iongel films and fibers with different EMIM:DCA contents were successfully prepared by solution casting and wet spinning techniques. By regulating the content of EMIM:DCA, the sensing performance of the composite materials was enhanced. EMIM:DCA exhibited excellent compatibility with the SHPU matrix and could be uniformly dispersed within the SHPU matrix. The EMIM:DCA/SHPU films showed good mechanical self-healing properties and outstanding thermal stability. After cutting, the EMIM:DCA/SHPU conductive composite fibers could be self-healed. The EMIM:DCA/SHPU conductive fibers featured excellent sensitivity, with both response time and self-healing time for hand movements reaching the millisecond level. The sensors could accurately capture the movement states of the wrist, elbow, fingers and other parts, and output stable resistance response signals, demonstrating broad application potential in the field of flexible sensing.

Objective Polylactic acid (PLA) is an environmentally friendly polymer material, but it has problems such as high brittleness and poor toughness, which to some extent limit its application. Therefore, toughening modification of PLA is of great significance for improving its mechanical properties and expanding its applications in fields such as packaging and biomedicine.

Method PLA/PCL and PLA/PCL/ADR composite fibers were prepared via melt spinning and hot drawing processes, using poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as the matrix, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as the toughening agent, and a multifunctional epoxy oligomer (ADR) as the compatibilizer. The cross-sectional morphology, crystallization behavior, and thermal properties of the blends were characterized. The study focused on the influence of adding PCL at mass concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% on the toughening of PLA; and on adding ADR at mass concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, and 5% on the compatibilization between PLA and PCL and its influence on the mechanical properties of the fibers.

Results As the PCL content increases, the PLA/PCL system gradually shows obvious phase separation. Since the decomposition temperature at the maximam mass loss rate (T_max) of PCL (401.02 ℃) is higher than that of PLA (363.79 ℃), the addition of low content PCL to some extent worked to improve the thermal stability of the blend, but when the PCL content exceeded 20%, the decomposition temperature began to decrease. when the PCL content was 30%, T_maxdropped to 357.57 ℃, which is related to the intensification of phase separation and the increase of interface defects. A small amount of PCL would cause a heterogeneous nucleation effect. When the PCL content was 10%, the crystallinity of PLA increased from 30.39% to 31.72%, but as the PCL content further increased, the crystallinity of PLA decreased due to poor compatibility and the interference of flexible chain segments. When the PCL content was 20% and the draw ratio was 3, the elongation at break of the blended fibers was increased by 36.73% compared to the pure PLA, but the break strength decreased by 24.46%. After introducing ADR to 0.75% for reactive reinforcement, the compatibility of the system was significantly improved, T_max increases to 367. 83 ℃, and the break strength and elongation at break of the blended fibers were increased by 5.98% and 72.92%, respectively, compared to pure PLA.

Conclusion Introducing PCL into the PLA system can effectively improve the toughness of the fibers. When the PCL content is 20% and the draw ratio is 3, the elongation at break of the blended fibers is approximately 36.73% higher than that of pure PLA, but the breaking strength decreases by about 24.46%. This indicates that there are still certain compatibility issues between PLA and PCL. After introducing ADR as a reactive compatibilizer, the interfacial compatibility of the system is significantly improved. When the ADR content is 0.75%, the PLA/PCL20/ADR0.75 blended fibers exhibit superior comprehensive performance, with their breaking strength and elongation at break increasing by 5.98% and 72.92%, respectively, compared to pure PLA. At the same time, the thermal stability of the blended system is enhanced, with the T_max reaching 367. 83 ℃, which is approximately 4 ℃ higher than that of pure PLA. The results indicate that by reasonably regulating the PCL content and introducing an appropriate amount of ADR for reactive reinforcement, the toughness of PLA can be improved while maintaining its degradability.

Objective In order to investigate Taylor cone formation and fiber spinnability of different polymer melts in an electric field during the melt electrospinning process, polypropylene (PP), polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), matte polyethylene terephthalate (PET-TiO₂), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) were adopted to form Taylor cones in melt-electrospinning. The principles and conditions for forming Taylor cones with different molecular structures of polymers were revealed by analyzing the spacing, width, and quantity of Taylor cones formed by melt. This work is expected to expand the types of melt electrospun micro/nano fibers.

Method Taylor cones were formed using a melt electrospinning setup consisting of material drying, melt extrusion, and high voltage power. Under different voltages and extrusion rates, Taylor cone images were recorded and analyzed. The spacing, width, and quantity of cone jets were compared among polymers with different chain structures. Additionally, the influence of melt index on PP and PLA was evaluated, and the influence of TiO₂ addition on PET melt polarization was assessed.

Results During the formation of a Taylor cone, it was found that stronger polarity of polymer molecular chains and lower steric hindrance to rigidity would lead to better Taylor cone formation. The ranking was identified as PLA>PP>PBT>PET-TiO₂> PET. In particular, polylactic acid (PLA-3251D) achieved optimal results under the conditions of 40 kV and an extrusion rate of 0.2 mL/min, and produced 50 Taylor cones with minimized spacing (1 mm) and width (0.2 mm). Compared the quantity, spacing, and width of Taylor cones in PP and PLA with different melt indexes, it was revealed that higher melt index polymers generated more Taylor cones in electric fields while reducing cone spacing and width due to enhanced melt fluidity. In contrast, the rigid molecular chains of PET restricted the flowability of chain segments, resulting in poorer Taylor cone formation where only 11 cones were formed under the conditions of 50 kV and an extension rate of 0.3 mL/min, with optimized spacing and width of 6 mm and 1 mm, respectively. Incorporation of TiO₂ into PET improved melt polarization, and increased the cone count to 20 (50 kV, 0.3 mL/min), resulting in improved forming effect of Taylor cone jet. The flexibility of PBT molecular chains was increased compared to PET, forming 36 cones (50 kV, 0.1 mL/min) at 1.8 mm spacing and 0.4 mm width, demonstrating superior jet formation.

Conclusion Melt electrospinning is a green and effective technology for preparing micro/nano fibers. The formation of Taylor cone plays a critical role in melt electrospinning. The results show that polymer melts (regardless of polarity) undergo induced polarization under strong electric fields, with electric force inducing molecular orientation to form Taylor cones. As voltage increases, cone spacing and width decrease while cone number rises. The high polarity groups are found to enhance polarization capacity, and great molecular flexibility would strengthen polarization responsiveness. Conversely, rigid segments (benzene rings) elevate steric hindrance, impeding chain mobility, while low-entanglement-density chains exhibit superior electric-field-induced orientation. The increase of polymer melt index shows improved fluidity, increased cone number and reduced spacing/width under electric field. The future work could further investigate the scalability of this approach for real-world applications.

Objective Lyocell fibers are recognized as the most promising cellulose-based materials in the 21st century because of their environmental profile and excellent mechanical and wear performance. However, the quality of pulp is one of the most critical factors that affect spinnability and fiber properties. In order to broaden the raw material sources for Lyocell spinning, hemp pulp intended for viscose was used as raw material, in which iron was removed using EDTA disodium salt (EDTA-2Na).

Method The influences of the EDTA-2Na mass concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time period, and solution pH value on iron ion removal rate was investigated. The changes in the microstructure, chemical structure, degree of polymerization, crystallinity, and solubility of the hemp pulp before and after the iron removal were evaluated. Finally, the influences of hemp pulp addition on the mechanical properties of Lyocell fibers was investigated through the standard Lyocell fiber spinning process.

Results The iron removal performance of EDTA-2Na under different reaction conditions was assessed by measuring the iron content in the pulp. The iron content in the pulp first decreased and then increased with the increase of reaction temperature, with the minimum at 50 ℃. As the mass concentration of EDTA-2Na increased, the iron content first decreased, but when the mass concentration was beyond 0.3%, iron in the pulp was almost completely chelated and the content became stabilized. With increasing solution pH value, the iron content decreased and then increased, reaching a minimum at pH value of 8. During the reaction, the iron content in the pulp first decreased, but increased when the reaction time period exceeded 1 h. Under the optimal conditions, the iron content in hemp pulp was reduced to 6.8 mg/kg. Comparison of hemp pulp before and after iron removal treatment revealed almost no changes occurred in its microstructure and chemical structure. The degree of polymerization decreased from 528 to 501, but remained above 500, meeting the requirement for Lyocell spinning. Crystallinity increased from 69.8% to 76.0%. Orientation improved and offset the potential impact of the lower degree of polymerization. After the iron removal treatment, the solubility of hemp pulp in NMMO solvent was improved. The mixing ratio of hemp pulp to wood pulp was adjusted and fibers were spun. Compared with Lyocell fibers prepared from pure wood pulp, fibers perpared from pure hemp pulp exhibited a decrease in crystallinity from 79.28% to 76.67%. The dry breaking strength decreased from 3.8 cN/dtex to 3.29 cN/dtex, and the wet breaking strength decreased from 3.58 cN/dtex to 3.31 cN/dtex. The mechanical properties declined slightly, but still met the requirements the industry standard FZ/T 52019—2018 Lyocell staple fiber.

Conclusion This study confirms the feasibility of using hemp pulp as a raw material for Lyocell fiber production. It also clarified the influence of EDTA-2Na iron removal treatment conditions on pulp properties and spinning quality. The optimal reaction conditions were established, where reaction temperature 50 ℃, EDTA-2Na mass concentration 0.3%, solution pH value 8, and reaction time period 1 h. These conditions reduced the iron content in hemp pulp to 6.8 mg/kg. Compared with the untreated hemp pulp, the de-ironed pulp shows almost no change in chemical structure. However, its degree of polymerization decreases from 528 to 501, and its crystallinity increases from 69.8% to 76%. Solubility also improves. These properties meet the requirements for Lyocell spinning. As the proportion of hemp pulp increases from 0% to 100%, the crystallinity of the spun Lyocell fibers decreases from 79.28% to 76.67%. The dry and wet breaking strengths decrease from 3.8 cN/dtex and 3.58 cN/dtex to 3.29 cN/dtex and 3.31 cN/dtex, respectively. The properties of the prepared Lyocell fibers decrease slightly but remain within the acceptable range.

Objective Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a class of clinical syndromes characterized by dysfunction of the heart and vascular system, and have become the leading cause of death globally. In clinical practice, stent grafts are widely used for interventional treatment, where the graft membrane serves as a physical barrier and plays a critical role in cases such as aneurysm occlusion, vascular perforation repair, and arterial stenosis management. Currently, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) has become one of the commonly used membrane materials in clinical practice by virtue of its excellent biocompatibility, stable mechanical properties, and chemical inertness. However, commercial ePTFE grafts often suffer from poor long-term patency due to their chemical inertness, which hinders endothelialization and triggers thrombogenic responses. While electrospinning offers a promising alternative for mimicking the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), conventional electrospinning is severely limited by low production efficiency and jet instability, hindering industrial-scale manufacturing. Therefore, this study aims to address these dual challenges by developing a high-throughput airflow-assisted electrospinning strategy to fabricate PTFE vascular stent membranes. Furthermore, to overcome the bio-inert nature of PTFE, a surface functionalization strategy is proposed to simultaneously endow the grafts with potent anticoagulant properties and the capacity to promote rapid endothelialization, thereby enhancing their clinical translation potential.

Method A novel airflow-assisted electrospinning system utilized a high-velocity air stream to manipulate the polymer jet trajectory and enhance solvent evaporation. The influences of key processing parameters, particularly extrusion rate, on fiber morphology and deposition efficiency were systematically optimized. In order to functionalize the chemically inert PTFE surface, a multi-step modification protocol was employed. First, the membranes underwent air plasma activation to introduce initial reactive groups. Subsequently, a bio-adhesive intermediate layer was constructed by co-depositing dopamine (DA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) under mild alkaline conditions (Tris-HCl, pH=8.5). Finally, heparin (HEP) was covalently immobilized onto the amine-rich DA/PEI layer by EDC/NHS activation chemistry. Physicochemical properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), and contact angle measurements. Biological performance was evaluated through in vitro heparin release profiles, hemolysis assays, blood clotting index (B_BCI) tests, platelet adhesion studies, and endothelial cell (ECs) proliferation assays using CCK-8 and fluorescence imaging.

Results Airflow assisting significantly suppressed the whipping instability of the electrospinning jet, resulting in more uniform and finer fibers compared to the conventional method. The airflow-assisted process achieved a unit time production of 0.012 8 g/min, a 4.13 time increase over the 0.003 1 g/min rate of conventional electrospinning. This denser packing improved mechanical performance, with the tensile strength of the PTFE stent membrane increasing significantly to 13.38 MPa. Surface analysis confirmed the successful deposition of the functional coating, with the water contact angle dropping drastically to near 0°, indicating a transition from superhydrophobicity to superhydrophilicity. The DA/PEI intermediate layer is proved highly effective for drug loading; the functionalized PTFE-DA/PEI-HEP surface achieved a heparin density of 32.914 μg/cm², a 4.7 time increase compared to direct adsorption (P<0.01), and demonstrated a sustained release profile over 7 d. Regarding hemocompatibility, the modified membranes exhibited an extremely low hemolysis ratio of 0.72%, far below the 5% international standard. The B_BCI value was improved by 24.97% compared to unmodified PTFE, reaching 74.23%. Furthermore, SEM revealed that platelet adhesion density decreased by 44.19% (to 480 platelets/mm²), with minimal platelet activation observed. Cytocompatibility assays demonstrated that the coating created a favorable microenvironment for endothelial cells; by 5 d, the relative proliferation rate of endothelial cells on the modified surface reached 104.13%, representing a 3.1% enhancement over the unmodified control, with fluorescence imaging confirming a dense, healthy cell monolayer.

Conclusion This study establishes a scalable airflow-assisted electrospinning protocol that overcomes the production efficiency bottleneck of PTFE nanofiber membranes while significantly reducing costs compared to thermal stretching methods. The combination of plasma treatment and DA/PEI-mediated heparin grafting transforms the bio-inert PTFE surface into a bioactive interface. The resulting vascular stent membranes possess excellent mechanical strength, superior hemocompatibility, and the ability to promote endothelialization. These findings suggest that the developed PTFE-DA/PEI-HEP membranes offer a robust solution for replacing ePTFE stent membranes, which is promising for future clinical applications.

Objective In order to develop highly efficient and safe blood purification materials for addressing the challenge of removing uremic toxins such as creatinine. This study aims to overcome the limitations of powder adsorbents and enhance creatinine clearance by functionalizing copper-based metal-organic frameworks (CuMOFs) with heparin and processing them into practical nanofiber membranes via electrospinning technology.

Methods Heparin was covalently grafted onto the surface of copper-based metal-organic frameworks (CuMOFs) by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-mediated bridging and amidation reactions, yielding heparin-functionalized materials (CuMOFs-Hep). The successful synthesis and functionalization were verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Zeta potential analysis. Subsequently, CuMOFs-Hep powder was incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to prepare composite nanofiber membranes (CuMOFs-Hep/PVA) by electrospinning. The material's creatinine adsorption capacity was evaluated using adsorption isotherm experiments, while its biosafety was assessed by measuring copper ion (Cu²⁺) leaching and platelet adhesion behavior.

Results Comprehensive characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of CuMOFs and their heparin functionalization. Heparin modification significantly increased the surface negative charge, with a Zeta potential reaching -30.1 mV. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed that CuMOFs-Hep exhibits a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 267.8 mg/g for creatinine, representing a 68.7% increase compared to the pristine CuMOFs (158.7 mg/g). The CuMOFs-Hp/PVA composite fiber membrane retained a high adsorption capacity of 233.5 mg/g (87.2% of the powder adsorption capacity) while exhibiting excellent processability, forming a continuous, operable membrane morphology. The adsorption capacity of pure PVA membranes is negligible (approximately 9.1 mg/g), confirming that the high adsorption capacity of the composite membranes originates from the incorporated CuMOFs-Hep. Biosafety assessment revealed that heparin functionalization significantly reduced Cu²⁺ leaching by 89.9% (from 2.132 mg/L to 0.214 mg/L after 24 h) and markedly decreased platelet adhesion and activation on the material surface compared to unmodified CuMOFs. The electrospun nanofiber structure provides high specific surface area and a porous network, facilitating mass transfer processes and accessibility to active sites.

Conclusion This study successfully developed a high-performance creatinine adsorbent by combining heparin functionalization of CuMOFs with electrospinning textile processing technology. The resulting CuMOFs-Hep/PVA composite nanofiber membrane exhibits high adsorption capacity, excellent processability, and improved biosafety (including reduced metal ion leaching and enhanced blood compatibility). The material's efficient adsorption performance stems from the synergistic effects of strong electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding provided by the heparinized surface. By integrating material functionalization with electrospinning technology, this study successfully produced a composite fiber membrane with high adsorption capacity, processability, and superior biocompatibility, offering a novel strategy for developing high-performance blood purification materials.

Objective Conventional approaches for articular cartilage repair such as microfracture and autologous chondrocyte implantation face significant drawbacks including fibrocartilage formation and donor site morbidity. This study addresses these critical challenges by developing advanced 3D-printed scaffolds, focusing on creating silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin (GEL) composite scaffolds with optimized structural and biological properties to support cartilage regeneration. By investigating material composition and preparation parameters, this work aims to establish a reliable platform for producing scaffolds that meet both mechanical and biological requirements for effective cartilage repair, while addressing key issues of structural stability, pore structure control, and cell-material interactions.

Method The research employed extrusion-based 3D printing technology to prepare SF/GEL scaffolds at three different mass ratios (70∶30, 50∶50, 30∶70). Printing was conducted at 4 ℃ using a custom-built direct-write system with a 0.9 mm nozzle diameter. The scaffolds underwent post-treatment with 75% ethanol for 30 min to induce crosslinking, followed by freeze-drying to create porous structures. Comprehensive characterization included microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microstructural evaluation through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Biological performance was evaluated using mouse embryonic osteoblasts, with cell proliferation quantified by MTT assay and cell morphology analyzed via confocal microscopy over 1, 3, and 7 d culture periods.

Results Extrusion 3D printing was proven to be successful in preparing grid shaped SF/GEL scaffolds with different mass ratios (70∶30, 50∶50, 30∶70). When the mass ratio of SF to GEL was 50∶50, the printed hydrogel scaffolds appeared linear and regular, and ethanol treatment was more beneficial to the molding of 3D printing SF/GEL scaffold materials. The microstructure of SF/GEL scaffolds presented a honeycombed porous structure. After ethanol treatment, the structure of the scaffold became compact, with fewer pores and smaller pore sizes. FT-IR and XRD characterizations indicated the presence of hydrogen bonding between SF and GEL. After ethanol crosslinking, the microstructure of the scaffold changed from random curling to β folding, and the crystallinity of the scaffold increased. Cell experiments showed that SF/GEL scaffolds with different mass ratios supported the proliferation of mouse embryonic osteoblasts. After 7 d culture, the cells were arranged in a spindle shaped and isotropic manner, indicating that the scaffolds have good biocompatibility.

Conclusion This study successfully developed 3D-printed SF/GEL scaffolds with adjustable properties suitable for cartilage tissue engineering applications. The research provides substantial evidence that these scaffolds can support cell attachment, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production while maintaining appropriate mechanical properties. The findings advance the understanding in the field of cartilage repair by offering a reproducible preparation method that addresses critical challenges in scaffold design, including the balance between structural stability and bioactivity. The demonstrated combination of material properties and cellular responses suggests strong potential for clinical translation, though further investigation through in vivo studies and long-term implantation evaluations will be necessary to fully assess the therapeutic potential of the scaffolds. This work establishes a foundation for future development of more complex, functionally graded scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering.

Objective Thermal energy storage and thermoregulatory textiles utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) can autonomously regulate micro-environment temperatures through phase transition processes, thereby significantly improving wear comfort and attracting considerable research interest. However, issues such as limited latent heat capacity and constrained regulation duration impede their broader development and application. These limitations are inherently linked to the crystallization behavior of PCMs. In order to address these limitations and further advance the thermal management performance of PCM-based textiles, this work systematically investigates the crystallization kinetics of MXene-incorporated phase-change microcapsules, as MXene exhibits exceptional thermal conductivity that can effectively accelerate thermal response and regulate the crystallization behavior of phase-change materials.

Method The microcapsules were synthesized by emulsion electrostatic spraying techniques, employing n-octadecane as the core, sodium alginate as the wall material, and MXene as an enhancer. The non-isothermal crystallization behavior of microcapsules doped with varying MXene contents was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at distinct cooling rates (Φ=5, 10, 15, 20 ℃/min). Additionally, crystallization kinetics were analyzed by the Jeziorny method, the Mo method, and the Kissinger equation to quantify crystallization mechanisms and activation energy.

Results The DSC results showed that with the increase of Φ, little difference appeared in the initial crystallization temperature of the same microcapsule, but the crystallization peak temperature decreased by 1-2 ℃, the peak width of the crystallization peak becames larger, and the half-crystallization time (t_1/2) decreased significantly, indicating that the crystallization rate increased with the increase of the cooling rate. In MXene-modified microcapsules, the addition of 0-4% MXene increases the crystallization peak temperature. The results indicated that for a given cooling rate Φ, an increase in MXene content led to a situation where half-crystallization time (t_1/2), cooling function (F(T)), and crystallization activation energy initially decreased before subsequently increasing. This suggests that adding MXene would enhance the crystallinity of microcapsules, whereas 5% MXene loading, it began to suppress the crystallization rate. This phenomenon occurred because the confined MXene acted as a nucleation catalyst during the initial microcapsule crystallization, facilitating crystal nucleation and growth on its surface. When the MXene content exceeds 4%, a rigid network would develop within the system, significantly hindering further crystal growth. Notably, microcapsules containing 4% MXene exhibited approximately 30% reduction in t_1/2, a 42% decrease in the average F(T), and about a 28% reduction in activation energy relative to unmodified samples. These findings suggest that MXene mass concentration from 0% to 4% can significantly accelerate non-isothermal crystallization, facilitate nucleation, and lower the energy barrier for crystallization. As a heterogeneous nucleating agent, MXene's two-dimensional lamellar architecture provides nucleation sites, thereby enhancing the crystallization kinetics and thermal properties of the microencapsulated PCMs.

Conclusion Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics demonstrate that, at cooling rates of 5, 10, 15, 20 ℃/min, the optimal dosage of MXene modifiers can effectively decrease the activation energy required for the nucleation and growth of crystalline phases in microcapsules, thereby accelerating their crystallization kinetics. Consequently, analyzing the non-isothermal crystallization behavior offers valuable insights into optimizing the crystallization properties of phase change microcapsules, which can enhance their thermal storage capacity and thermoregulatory performance. This research provides useful reference for the development of high-efficiency thermoregulating and heat-storage textiles.

Objective As the influence of oligomers on material properties remains insufficiently understood, their accurate quantification is crucial for evaluating performance, optimizing polymerization, and enhancing quality control. The objective of this study is to develop a reliable analytical method for identifying and quantifying oligomers (C1-C5) in polyamide 66 (PA66). This method provides essential data for process monitoring and helps elucidate structure-property relationships, thereby supporting improved product consistency and advanced manufacturing standards in the polyamide industry.

Method Oligomers were extracted from PA66 using a dissolution-precipitation method. Separation was achieved by preparative liquid chromatography (Prep-LC), followed by qualitative analysis using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Quantitative determination of C1-C5 oligomers was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with purified oligomer standards.

Results A highly efficient method for extracting, separating, and quantifying PA66 oligomers was successfully established. Low-molecular-weight oligomers were effectively extracted from PA66 chips using a dissolution-precipitation method. Based on LC-TOF-MS analysis with high-accuracy mass measurement (mass error < 5×10^-3 u) and characteristic fragment ion patterns, cyclic and linear oligomers ranging from monomer to hexamer (C1-C6) were clearly identified. After optimizing the liquid chromatographic conditions, a rapid UPLC quantitative method was established and validated. All five target cyclic oligomers (C1-C5) exhibited excellent linearity within the concentration range of 0.008-0.1 g/L (R² >0.99). The method demonstrated high precision and reliability, with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) for peak area and retention time below 2.0% and 3.0%, respectively. The analysis time was shorter than 20 min for each sample, significantly improving throughput compared to conventional techniques. When applied to industrial PA66 chip and fiber samples, the total extractable oligomer content was measured to range from 1.2% to 1.6% by mass, with cyclic oligomers accounting for more than 90% of this fraction. The total oligomer content in fiber samples (average 1.388%) was consistently lower than that in their corresponding precursor chips (average 1.483%), indicating possible migration or further condensation of oligomers during the melt-spinning process. Detailed compositional analysis provided species-specific concentration data, revealing that the cyclic monomer and dimer were the most abundant components. The approach offers a robust solution for monitoring oligomer content, providing detailed compositional insights that are critical for evaluating polymerization efficiency and product consistency.

Conclusion This study established a UPLC-based method for the separation and quantification of PA66 oligomers, integrating preparative LC, UPLC-PDA, and LC-TOF-MS. Different from the conventional method for determining the total oligomer content, the method successfully separated and quantified five cyclic oligomers. Quantification was achieved by monitoring at 200 nm and using mixed-standard calibration curves, demonstrating high efficiency, reproducibility, and superior performance over existing methods. Applied to commercial PA66 chips and fibers, the measured oligomer ranges aligned with typical industrial levels, and the observed content differences between physical forms provide a basis for optimizing polymerization and processing formulations. The developed method enables rapid, accurate, and reproducible quantification of PA66 oligomers. It offers significant practical value for quality assurance in industrial production settings. By facilitating precise monitoring of oligomer levels, this approach supports process optimization and helps enhance the final material properties of PA66. Future applications may include monitoring and extended adaptation to other polyamide types.

Objective Conventional manual stapling methods for measuring cashmere fiber length suffer from low efficiency and subjectivity, requiring 30-40 min for each sample. Existing automated instruments, including Almeter capacitors and optical fiber diameter analyzers (OFDA), have limitations such as incomplete short fiber clamping and restriction to specific sample forms. With computer vision-based methods on the other hand, the threshold segmentation frequently causes fiber breaks, and tracking individual fibers in complex intersecting networks is extremely difficult. This study develops an automated measurement method based on an improved U-Net and global optimization algorithms to overcome these limitations.

Method An improved U-Net (encoder-decoder convolutional network) architecture incorporating directional convolution, spatial attention, nonlocal feature modules, and morphological processing layers was constructed to repair fiber breaks caused by threshold segmentation. A UNet++ (nested U-Net) model with an EfficientNet-B0 encoder and a hybrid Dice-focal loss function was built for crossover region detection. A two-stage globally optimized path tracking algorithm using directional similarity, historical experience scores, and necessity coefficients, combined with a simulated annealing-based matching algorithm, was adopted to obtain the complete fiber length distribution.

Results The improved U-Net achieved a recall of 98.67% and an F1 value of 91.29% in fiber break repair. Precision was reduced due to morphological dilation operations required to ensure full fiber connectivity, as these operations cause slight over-prediction at the pixel level. However, this trade-off ensures that fiber breaks are fully repaired, reducing tracking failures in subsequent steps. The crossover detection model based on UNet++ achieved an intersection over union (IoU value) of 71.74% and a recall of 85.42% on the test set, effectively identifying overlapping regions where pixel loss occurs.

Measurements were conducted on cashmere samples from five batches provided by an enterprise in Inner Mongolia and compared with manual stapling results. The absolute error ranged from 0.23 to 1.07 mm across all sample groups, with an average absolute error of 0.67 mm and an average relative error of 1.78%. Three of the five sample groups had relative errors below 2%, and the remaining two were within 3%. One sample group showed a larger deviation, attributable to an insufficient number of medium-length fibers in the sample, which limited the convergence of the simulated annealing-based matching process.

The two-stage path tracking algorithm was validated in complex crossover scenarios. In a case involving 12 crossovers, the algorithm correctly identified the exit direction by incorporating historical decision weighting, even when directional similarity scores of competing directions differed by only 0.17. In a high-complexity case involving 30 crossovers, where the most challenging decision point had 6 candidate exit directions, the algorithm selected the direction consistent with the actual fiber extension by combining directional similarity, historical experience scores, and global optimization weighting.

The overall fiber length range and distribution pattern were consistent with those of the manual stapling method. The frequency of fibers below 10 mm was generally higher than in the manual method, consistent with the known limitation that short fibers in manual stapling are densely packed and difficult to separate accurately.

Conclusion An automated cashmere fiber length measurement system integrating deep learning and intelligent optimization algorithms was developed. The improved U-Net architecture incorporating directional convolution, spatial attention, and nonlocal feature modules achieved a F1 value of 91.29% and an IoU value of 91.29% of 80.70% in fiber break repair. The two-stage globally optimized path tracking algorithm enabled accurate single-fiber tracking in complex crossover networks by incorporating directional continuity, historical decision experience, and global coordination among competing fiber paths. The simulated annealing-based matching algorithm obtained the complete fiber length distribution. Evaluated on five batches of cashmere samples, the system showed good agreement with the manual stapling method, with an average absolute error of 0.67 mm and an average relative error of 1.78%. The method addresses the technical challenges of threshold-induced fiber breakage and individual fiber tracking in complex networks, and may be extended to other natural fiber types in future work.

Objective This study aimed to establish a feasible approach for recycling high-performance fibers from waste flame-retardant clothing and blending them with meta-aramid fibers to develop flame-retardant yarns. The findings are expected to provide a theoretical basis for understanding fiber blend compatibility and offer technical support for recycling waste textiles, thereby promoting the circular economy and sustainable practices within the specialty textiles industry.

Method Recycled fibers were obtained from waste aramid flame-retardant clothing through mechanical opening. Both recycled and meta-aramid fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier tranform intrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical tests. A series of 29.5 tex blended yarns with four blending ratios of recycled to virgin fibers (50/50, 60/40, 70/30 and 0/100) were produced using ring spinning at three twist coefficients (300, 320 and 340). The resulting yarns were subsequently characterized for their morphological properties, tensile strength, and thermal shrinkage at 260 ℃.

Results SEM images showed that recycled fibers had a rougher surface with visible cracks and fractures, in contrast to the smooth surface of meta-aramid fibers. The average length of recycled fibers was 31.85 mm (ranging from 15 to 54 mm), while meta-aramid fibers had a uniform length of 51 mm. The breaking strength of meta-aramid fibers was 6.75 cN, which decreased to 6.07 cN after use, and further dropped to 5.69 cN after 10 opening cycles. FT-IR results showed that both fibers exhibited characteristic peaks of aromatic rings and amide bonds at 1 640, 1 540 and 1 510 cm^-1, indicating the main molecular chain structure remained intact. The intensity of the amide bond stretching vibration peak near 3 300 cm^-1 was decreased slightly in recycled fibers, and that of the aliphatic characteristic peaks at 2 851 and 2 925 cm^-1 was weakened. XRD characterization showed that, both fibers had double crystalline peaks at 2θ=23° and 26°, and an amorphous peak at 2θ=19°, indicating unchanged crystal form. However, the diffraction peak intensity of recycled fibers was decreased, suggesting a lower crystallinity compared to virgin fibers. TG analysis showed that both fibers had similar three-stage thermal degradation behavior, with char residues at 800 ℃ of 54.87% (meta-aramid fibers) and 53.73% (recycled fibers). The LOI value of recycled fibers was 29.8%, slightly higher than 29.3% of that of the meta-aramid fibers, indicating retention of flame retardancy. For yarns spun with a twist coefficient of 300, the breaking strength was decreased from 735 cN (0/100) to 513 cN (50/50), 384 cN (60/40) and 266 cN (70/30), while thermal shrinkage at 260 ℃ was increased from 0.85% (0/100) to 2.10% (50/50), 3.60% (60/40) and 4.90% (70/30) as recycled fiber content increased. Increasing the twist coefficient caused improvement in yarn breaking strength and reduction in thermal shrinkage. For instance, for the yarn with 50/50 blending ratio, the breaking strength increased from 370 cN to 450 cN when the twist coefficient was raised from 300 to 340.

Conclusion This study demonstrates that mechanical recycling is a viable method for recovering meta-aramid fibers from waste flame-retardant clothing where their essential flame-retardant properties were maintained. Although recycled fibers exhibit reduced length uniformity and tensile strength, their thermal stability and flame retardancy remain comparative to the meta-aramid fibers, highlighting the potential for high-value reuse in textile applications. The incorporation of recycled fibers into flame-retardant yarns inevitably affects their performance characteristics. However, these effects can be mitigated through optimized processing parameters. A blending ratio of 50/50 recycled fibers to meta-aramid fibers with a twist coefficient of 320 is recommended for producing yarns suitable for flame-retardant applications, achieving a balance between recycled content utilization and mechanical performance. These findings offer guidance for textile manufacturers integrating recycled high-performance fibers into flame-retardant products. Furthermore, the developed approach may serve as a reference for repurposing other types of high-performance fibers in future applications.

Objective The design of weft-knitted pelerine fabrics currently relies on trial-and-error, which is time-consuming and costly. In order to solve this problem, this study aims to establish a digital design and 3D simulation method for weft-knitted pelerine fabrics. The objectives are to realize precise mapping from two-dimensional patterns to three-dimensional structures, to build multi-scale models at the yarn, loop, and fabric levels, and to simulate the loop deformation caused by sinker loop transfer.

Method Mathematical matrices for pattern diagrams, organization diagrams and knitting diagrams were constructed. Boolean transformations were performed on the pattern matrices, and the Kronecker products of each pattern Boolean matrix and the corresponding organization matrix were calculated to obtain the knitting matrix mathematically. Based on in-depth study of the structural characteristics of weft-knitted pelerine fabrics, a spring-mass model was established and used in pelerine fabric modelling using the Velocity-Verlet numerical integration method, thereby obtaining the displacement changes of different types of particles over time.

Results The mathematical mapping from pattern design to knitting actions was successfully established through Boolean transformation and Kronecker product operations. The spring-mass model effectively captured the mechanical interactions during sinker loop transfer, and the Velocity-Verlet numerical integration method provided stable solutions for mass point displacement over time. Based on the proposed method, three-dimensional structural simulations of weft-knitted pelerine fabrics were achieved. The simulated results accurately reproduced the characteristic eyelet structures and loop interlocking relationships of pelerine fabrics. Comparison between simulated fabric images and actual fabric photographs showed good agreement in terms of loop configuration and fabric appearance, validating the effectiveness of the simulation method.

Conclusion This paper presents a systematic study on the computer-aided design and three-dimensional simulation of weft-knitted pelerine fabrics. A complete theoretical framework integrating process analysis, mathematical modeling, and physical simulation was established. By combining Boolean transformation, Kronecker product operations, and a spring-mass model was solved by the Velocity-Verlet method, the study achieved three-dimensional structural simulation of pelerine fabrics, accurately reproducing the characteristic eyelet effects and loop deformations caused by sinker loop transfer. This work addresses the lack of three-dimensional simulation methods specifically for weft-knitted pelerine structures, providing a digital tool for fabric design and visualization. However, the mechanical analysis of edge loops was not included and should be further investigated in future work on dynamic fabric behavior.

Objective In order to overcome the common trade-off between shape fixity and recovery in conventional shape memory textiles, particularly under complex multi-shape deformations, a hinge-reinforced composite fabric system is designed to provide enhanced and programmable shape memory functionality, which is crucial for advancing applications in smart wearables and adaptive structures.

Method Shape memory hinges were fabricated by 3D printing blends of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polylactic acid (PLA) at mass ratios of 9∶1, 7∶3, and 5∶5. The microstructures, thermal properties, and dynamic/static mechanical behaviors of these hinges were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and tensile testing. The optimized hinge was then integrated into a fabric substrate by a jacquard weaving process, embedding it within a double-layer structure to create a composite textile.

Results The hinge with a TPU/PLA mass ratio of 7∶3 exhibited optimal performance. FT-IR analysis confirmed strong interfacial hydrogen bonding, and DSC and XRD results indicated suitable PLA crystallinity, contributing to shape fixation. This hinge achieved an ideal rigid-tough balance at room temperature, with a storage modulus of 137 MPa and an elongation at break of 318.19%, leading to a high shape fixity of 95% and a recovery rate of 95.6%. When embedded into the fabric, the composite demonstrated exceptional shape memory performance across various geometric deformations (triangles, trapezoids, arches). Temporary shapes were maintained with angle deviations of 5°, which were able to recover almost completely to its initial state, significantly outperforming the control fabric without hinges, which showed notable shape relaxation and incomplete recovery.

Conclusion This work demonstrates that a TPU/PLA mass ratio of 7∶3 creates an optimal synergistic shape memory hinge where TPU acts as an elastic driver and PLA serves as a rigid fixing phase. The successful integration of this functional hinge into fabrics via jacquard weaving presents a novel, customizable, and binder-free fabrication strategy for smart textiles. The results validate that this material-structure integrated design effectively decouples and enhances both shape fixity and recovery. This approach provides a practical and scalable solution for developing high-performance, programmable shape memory textiles, with promising potential for applications in flexible electronics and adaptive clothing. Future work could explore more complex hinge geometries and responsive mechanisms for multi-stimuli control.

Objective This research focuses on polyimide (PI) nanofiber membranes and PI needle-punched nonwoven fabrics to investigate the thermal transfer properties of nonwoven fabrics. The importance and necessity of the study lie in addressing the limitations of existing thermal conductivity models, particularly the Woo model, and accurately modeling thermal properties affected by fiber volume fraction and fiber orientation.

Method Thermal conductivity tests were performed under varying pressure conditions following ASTM standards. Two major modifications were applied to the conventional Woo model, which are integrating the Hamilton-Crosser multi-phase mixture model to refine the composite thermal conductivity expressions for cylindrical fiber arrangements, and establishing a thermal resistance network model accounting for contact thermal resistance and spatial coordinate transformation. Additionally, innovative geometric models for finite element simulations were developed, utilizing randomly distributed cylindrical fibers.

Results Experimental data indicated that increasing fiber volume fractions led to reduced thermal insulation but enhanced heat dissipation. Comparative analyses demonstrated good agreement among the modified analytical models, finite element simulation results, and experimental measurements. Specifically, for the PI nanofiber membranes, because of their small fiber diameters, sensitivity to contact thermal resistance significantly affected thermal performance, resulting in improved heat dissipation capability. Conversely, PI needle-punched nonwoven fabrics exhibited less sensitivity to contact thermal resistance because of larger fiber diameters and structural support from fibers oriented in the Z-direction. This structural feature minimized thickness reduction under pressure, maintaining superior insulation properties. The established finite element models effectively predicted temperature distributions and confirmed the non-linear relationship between fiber volume fraction and effective thermal conductivity. Under identical pressures, PI nanofiber membranes displayed higher overall temperature and more pronounced changes in thermal conductivity compared to needle-punched fabrics, highlighting the significant impact of fiber contact points and associated thermal resistance.

Conclusion The use of modified thermal conductivity models leads to improved accuracy over the conventional Woo model, especially when considering fiber volume fraction effects on effective thermal conductivity, contact thermal resistance, and Z-directionl fiber penetration behaviors. The finite element simulation models demonstrated robust predictive capabilities and validated the theoretical assumptions regarding fiber arrangements. Future work includes developing a theoretical model for contact thermal resistance and extending analyses to incorporate external factors like airflow, tension, and varying ambient temperatures.

Objective In order to expand the application field and reduce the unnecessary resource waste of waste hemp fibers. Waste hemp fibers reinforced sound-absorbing composites have the advantages of green source, no polluion and biodegradability. It can promote China's building materials industry carbon emission reduction work, and promote the achievement of China's carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.

Method Waste hemp fibers were used as reinforcement and PLA fibers were used as matrix. The combing networking-hot pressing process was chosen to produce the sound-absorbing composites with waste hemp/PLA fibers. The transfer function method was chosen to test the sound-absorption of the composites using the impedance tube test system. The influences of process conditions on its sound absorption properies were explored. The preparation process of the composites was optimized by a one-factor test with the objective of improving the sound absorption properties of the composites.

Result The PLA fibers were soften and molten under reasonable hot pressing conditions and combined evenly with the waste hemp fibers. The pores were evenly distributed and the porosity size increased. The gas in the pores also increased. When the sound wave was propagated, the vibration of the fibers and air within the composite material increased, and the friction between the both was enhanced, causing an increase in the loss of sound energy and an increase in sound absorption. The increase in waste hemp fibers content would result in an increase in the number of interwoven points between the fibers and an increase in porosity. But the excessive fibers would cause uneven combination with PLA fibers, which would lead to uneven porosity. On the one hand, it could increase the transmitted sound wave. On the other hand, it would weaken the air and fibers vibration, and the friction become reduced. Thus, the sound energy consumption was reduced, and the sound-absorption properties became worse. Increased density within a certain range would result in smaller pores between the fibers and more complex structure. Sound wave was in more curved propagation, and more frequent contact with the fibers, the consumption of sound energy increased. However, over high a density would make it difficult for sound waves to enter the material, reflecting more sound waves and thus reducing sound-absorption properties. The material thickness and rear air layer mainly improved the sound-absorption properties of the material at the low and middle frequencies. This was mainly because the thickness and rear air layer increase the propagation distance of sound wave. Low-frequency sound waves were long and traveled a long distance, and sound waves traveled a long distance in composites. The sound energy could be better consumed during propagation.The process conditions were optimized by one-way analysis of factor. The optimal process parameters for the preparation of the composite materials were obtained as the hot pressing temperature of 140 ℃, the hot pressing time period of 15 min, the hot pressing pressure of 10 MPa, the mass fraction of waste hemp fibers of 50.00%, the thickness of the material of 3.0 cm, the volume density of the material of 0.153 g/cm³, and the thickness of the rear air layer of 4.0 cm. The waste hemp/PLA fibers sound-absorbing composites obtained under the optimal process conditions had a maximum sound absorption coefficient of 0.920, the average sound absorption coefficient of 0.575, the noise reduction coefficient of 0.553, and wide sound absorption frequency band (80-6 300 Hz).

Conclusion The use of waste hemp fibers to prepare sound-absorbing materials solves the problem of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by a large number of waste hemp fibers, and has excellent social benefits. At the same time, it provided experimental and theoretical basis for the development of sound-absorbing composites of waste hemp/PLA fibers, and provided a new idea for the recycling of waste hemp fibers. However, the sound absorption in the mid-frequency region of the material can be further improved.

Objective This study aims to overcome the limitations of existing fabric-based capacitive sensors, namely low sensitivity, poor stability, and narrow application scope, by optimizing the dielectric layer modification process. The specific objectives are to investigate the influence of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) doping on the dielectric properties of 3D polyester fabrics, determine the optimal SWCNT concentrations that maximize sensitivity while ensuring sensor repeatability and stability, elucidate the underlying sensing mechanism and clarify the synergistic effect between SWCNTs and fabric thickness, and demonstrate the usefulness of the optimized sensors for monitoring diverse human motions, thereby broadening their practical applications.

Methods Two types of 3D polyester fabrics, i.e., 3D high-spacing polyester fabric (3D-HSPF) and 3D low-spacing polyester fabric (3D-LSPF), were used as matrix. SWCNTs at gradient mass concentrations (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0%) were doped into the composite matrix by an impregnation method to form dielectric layers in the composite. Comprehensive characterization and performance tests were carried out, including analysis of weight gain rate for SWCNT loading, surface morphology observation, and evaluation of key sensor parameters which are capacitance-pressure response, sensitivity, and relative permittivity. The optimal sensors were further assessed for repeatability, stability, and hysteresis, and their application in human motion monitoring was demonstrated by recording capacitance change rates during various body movements.

Results The results demonstrated that both SWCNT concentration and fabric structure significantly influenced the sensor performance. For the 3D-HSPF sensor, a SWCNT concentration of 1.0% yielded a maximum sensitivity of 927.36%/kPa, 4.26 times that of the undoped one, and a maximum relative permittivity of 34. At 0.6%, SWCNTs were relatively uniformly dispersed on the fiber surfaces, whereas slight local agglomeration was observed at 1.0%. For the 3D-LSPF sensor, the optimal sensitivity of 925.85%/kPa was achieved at a lower SWCNT concentration of 0.4%, representing a 1.95 times improvement over the undoped one, with uniform SWCNT dispersion and no significant agglomeration. In terms of reliability, the optimal sensors exhibited excellent performance. The repeatability tests for 3D-HSPF-1.0/S and 3D-LSPF-0.4/S showed standard deviations of 3.96 and 3.72, respectively, indicating a stable response under cyclic loading. Stability tests revealed minimal capacitance drift over 2 h, with standard deviations of 0.10 and 0.17. Both sensors demonstrated good reversibility, with hysteresis rates below 13%. In practical application tests, 3D-LSPF-0.4/S effectively monitored small joint movements, with average capacitance change rates of 32.59%, 14.75%, and 76.87% for finger, wrist, and elbow movements (maximum of 82.63% for elbow movement), respectively. Conversely, 3D-HSPF-1.0/S was better suited for detecting moderate to large deformations, with average capacitance change rates of 9.59% for knee movement and 41.69% for arch movement.

Conclusion High-performance fabric-based capacitive sensors were successfully developed by modifying 3D polyester spacer fabrics with SWCNTs by an impregnation method. The optimal SWCNT concentrations were identified as 1.0% for 3D-HSPF and 0.4% for 3D-LSPF, resulting in substantial improvements in capacitance, sensitivity, and permittivity. Specifically, the sensitivity reached 927.36%/kPa for 3D-HSPF-1.0/S and 925.85%/kPa for 3D-LSPF-0.4/S, corresponding to 4.26 times and 1.95 times enhancements, respectively. These performance gains are attributed to the SWCNT-mediated regulation of interfacial polarization, which synergistically modulating the 3D fabric thickness to enhance the dielectric constant while optimizing mechanical properties. Both optimal sensors demonstrate excellent repeatability, stability, and low hysteresis. The 3D-LSPF-0.4/S sensor is particularly suitable for monitoring subtle motions of small joints like fingers, wrists, and elbows, while the 3D-HSPF-1.0/S sensor is effective for larger joint and body movements, such as knee flexion and arch deformation. These results highlight the promising potential of the proposed sensors for applications in human motion and health monitoring.

Objective Conventional high-performance polymer precursors for laser induced graphene (LIG) strain sensors are often rigid, limiting their use for wearable applications that require high stretchability. Moreover, graphene transferred onto flexible substrates is prone to fracturing or detaching, which degrades sensing performance. In order to address these challenges, this study employed carbonized mesh cotton spunlace nonwoven fabric (CSNF) as a novel precursor to fabricate a high-performance LIG strain sensor.

Method This study involved the carbonization of mesh CSNF, followed by the laser induced synthesis of graphene and the assembly of strain sensors. The microstructure and properties of the resulting graphene were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a four-point probe measurement system. The sensing performance, including sensitivity, strain range, response/relaxation time, and stability, was evaluated using a digital multimeter and a universal tensile testing machine.

Results Carbonized cotton spunlace nonwoven fabric (CCSNF) were prepared at different carbonization temperatures and carbonization time periods. The Raman spectroscopy analysis results suggested that the optimal carbonization temperature for CSNF was 600 ℃ and the carbonization time period was 2 h. The precursor (CCSNF-2) prepared under the parameters has a high defect density and disorder degree, providing an ideal basis for the subsequent laser-induced generation of high-performance graphene. The CCSNF was subsequently subjected to laser treatment under optimized parameters. The resulting LIG exhibited optimal electrical conductivity, achieving a square resistance of 37.3 Ω/□ at a laser power of 11.4 W and a scanning speed of 500 mm/s.The LIG was then encapsulated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer to fabricate flexible strain sensors. The as-fabricated LIG strain sensors demonstrated high performance, including a gauge factor of 612, a low detection limit of 0.5%, a broad strain range of up to 55% strain, rapid response/recovery relaxation characteristics (response time about 0.2 s, time about 0.29 s), and excellent cycling stability (withstanding 1 000 cycles at 20% tensile strain).In order to evaluate practical applicability, the sensors were mounted on various anatomical locations including fingers, wrists, elbows, the throat, and the perioral region. These deployments enabled successful monitoring of human movements through stable and reproducible resistance changes. Furthermore, attachment of the sensor to the metacarpophalangeal joint enabled applications in encrypted information transmission based on gesture recognition.

Conclusion Using mesh CCSNF as a precursor for LIG significantly enhances sensor performance. The unique mesh structure of the fabric contributes to a wide strain range, high sensitivity, and durability. This promising technology has potential applications in emotion recognition, information encryption, sports and rehabilitation monitoring, electronic skin, human-computer interaction, wearable electronics, and healthcare.

Objective In order to address the persistent challenge of fuzzing and pilling in wool knitted fabrics, this study aimed to develop an eco-friendly surface modification technology by integrating hydroxylamine pretreatment with bromelain-papain composite enzymatic hydrolysis. The research focused on systematically improving anti-pilling performance of wool fiber while maintaining its inherent comfort, mechanical properties, and thermal insulation, addressing the limitations of conventional chemical treatments that cause excessive fiber damage and environmental pollution.

Method This study employed hydroxylamine pretreatment in combination with bromelain-papain composite enzymatic hydrolysis to effectively cleave thioester and amide bonds on the wool surface, thereby achieving efficient removal of wool scales and enhancing anti-pilling properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectro scopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), differentrial scanning calorimetry(DSC), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) characterization techniques were employed to analyze the microstructural and chemical compositional changes in wool before and after treatment. Furthermore, the influence of hydroxylamine concentration, pretreatment temperature, and time, as well as the concentration, treatment temperature, time, and pH value of both individual and synergistic protease treatments on the directional friction effect of wool fibers, fabric anti-pilling performance, mechanical properties, and wearing comfort, ultimately identifying optimal process parameters were systematically investigated.

Results The modified wool demonstrated multi-dimensional enhancements validated by analytical techniques. XRD revealed a 35.6% decline in crystallinity (23.6% to 15.2%), which was corroborated by weakened amide band absorption in infrared spectroscopy, indicating disrupted keratin structures. XPS revealed a 9.6% reduction in surface carbon content (71.8% to 64.9%) and a 66.7% increase in nitrogen content (3.9% to 6.5%), reflecting chemical composition changes induced by hydroxylamine and enzymatic treatments. The slight decrease in thermal stability by TGA and DSC indirectly confirms that the wool cuticle layer has been hydrolyzed. At the same time, SEM confirmed the complete removal of the scale. Hydroxylamine pretreatment (pH=7.5, 5%, 60℃, 60 min) effectively removed lipid layers, increasing surface energy and hydrophilicity for optimal enzymatic conditions. Bromelain-papain synergistic treatment (ratio of 1∶1, 50 ℃, 50 min, pH=7.0) achieved superior scale degradation compared to single protease, elevating pilling grade to 5 (0.5 higher than single-protease systems). Functional tests revealed a 56.9% reduction in directional friction effect (12.3% to 5.3%), achieving anti-pilling grade of 5. Comfort properties were enhanced through a 23.3% improvement in moisture permeability (116.3 to 143.4 g/(m²·d)), while maintaining air permeability and top-breaking strength. The modified fabric exhibited accelerated dyeing rates and maintained thermal insulation while demonstrating exceptional wash durability, with only a 0.5-grade reduction in pilling after 10 wash cycles.

Conclusion Hydroxylamine pretreatment (pH=7.5, 5%, 60 ℃, 60 min) effectively removes the lipid layer of the wool fiber, significantly enhancing hydrophilicity and wetting performance while balancing between mechanical properties for optimal enzymatic treatment. Synergistic bromelain and papain catalysis (protease ratio of 1∶1, 50 ℃, 50 min, and pH=7.0) fully degrades scale layers, achieving pilling grade of 5, 0.5 grades better than single-protease treatments. The modified fabric demonstrated accelerated dye uptake, 23.3% higher moisture permeability, and excellent wash durability (0.5-grade reduction after 10 wash cycles), while maintaining air permeability, thermal insulation, and mechanical properties. These results collectively indicate that combined chemical-enzymatic modifications enhance the surface morphology, thermal stability, comfort, and durability of wool fabrics by controlled scale degradation and chemical optimization.

Objective Gambiered Canton silk is a national intangible cultural heritage. Renowned for its unique luster, permeability, and eco-friendly dyeing process, it holds significant cultural and economic value. However, its application has been constrained by inherent functional limitations. As a natural protein fiber, it is susceptible to moisture absorption, which can lead to mildew growth in humid environments. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to sunlight causes photoyellowing and degradation from ultraviolet radiation, compromising its aesthetic and structural integrity. In order to address the issue of the single functionality of traditional gambiered Canton silk, this study aims to prepare a multi-functional fabric with both superhydrophobic and ultraviolet protection properties through a multi-step chemical modification process. This enhancement seeks to expand its applications in modern sectors such as outdoor apparel and high-end technical textiles, thereby contributing to the sustainable inheritance and innovation of this cultural heritage.

Method Based on the self-polymerization property of dopamine (DA) to form polydopamine (PDA), the surface of the gambiered Canton silk was modified. By investigating the influences of DA concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature on the hydrophobicity of the fabric, the optimal modification process conditions were determined, and the successful deposition of PDA on the gambiered Canton silk was confirmed through physical and chemical performance characterization. Octadecylamine (ODA) was grafted onto the PDA modified gambiered Canton silk to further reduce the surface energy and endow the fabric with superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties. The microstructure, chemical composition and wearing performance of the PDA/ODA modified gambiered Guangdong gauze were also analyzed and tested. Finally, vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) was adopted to modify zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles to improve the dispersion of ZnO and obtain the optimal concentration of modification. The VTES-ZnO dispersion was adopted for secondary modifcation of the fabric, ultimately endowing the gambiered Canton silk with excellent ultraviolet protection performance.

Results The optimized modified fabric achieved superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 153° and a sliding angle smaller than 10°. For ultraviolet protection, its ultraviolet protection foctor (UPF) value reached 265.26, with ultraviolet A(UVA) and ultraviolet B(UVB) transmittances of 3.54% and 3.10%, respectively, meeting national ultraviolet protection standards. After 50 wash cycles, its UPF value was 237.62, and after 100 rubbing cycles, its UPF value still reached 224.69, showing excellent durability. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that PDA increased surface roughness, ODA formed a lamellar structure, and VTES-ZnO created a stable nano-composite layer. The infrared spectra anaylsis confirmed the successful bonding of PDA, ODA, and VTES-ZnO to the fabric, with characteristic peaks of functional groups like —OH, —CH₂, and Si—O—Si appearing. Additionally, the fabric maintained good air permeability (365 mm/s) and improved mechanical properties and color fastness.

Conclusion The PDA/ODA/VTES-ZnO ternary modification system was proved to be an effective strategy for the functional enhancement of gambiered Canton silk. It successfully endowed the traditional textile with durable superhydrophobicity, outstanding ultraviolet resistance, and robust durability against washing and rubbing. Crucially, this was achieved without compromising its inherent aesthetic and comfort properties, such as its soft handle and permeability. By overcoming the key functional defects of the traditional fabric, this technology provides a scientific and practical reference for the functional reconstruction of other traditional textiles, thereby promoting the modern inheritance and broader application of this valuable intangible cultural heritage.

Objective Polyester fabrics are popularly produced and widely used because of their high breaking strength and good chemical stability. However, their low limiting oxygen index (LOI) and tendency to produce melt drippings in burning make them potential fire risks. Conventional flame retardants face two major challenges, where halogenated types emit toxic gases, while many phosphorus and nitrogen-based variants deplete non-renewable petrochemical and mineral resources. Therefore, it is highly necessary to design a biomass-derived flame retardant for improving the flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of PET fabrics.

Method A flame retardant (PT) was synthesized by esterification using phytic acid (PA) and tea polyphenols (TP) as raw materials. The polyester (PET) fabric was then treated with this flame retardant through a dip-pad-cure process. PET fabrics finished with 100 g/L PA solution and 100 g/L PT solution were designated as PET-PA and PET-PT, respectively. PT exerted a phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic effect to promote char formation of PET fabrics, thereby enhancing the flame-retardant performance of the fabrics. The flame retardancy, mechanical performance, and antibacterial activity of the treated PET fabrics were evaluated through vertical flame test (VFT), limiting oxygen index measurement, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, breaking strength test, and antibacterial test.

Results The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed substantial deposits of PT adhered to the PET fiber surfaces in the form of solid particulates. TG analysis results indicated that, the thermal stability of PET-PT in the low-temperature region decreased compared with raw PET fabric, and the initial thermal decomposition temperature (T_5%) was shifted to a lower value. However, its maximum thermal decomposition rate (R_max) decreased significantly, and the char residue of the fabric was markedly enhanced, increasing to 15.77% in a nitrogen atmosphere and 2.02% in an air atmosphere at 700 ℃. These results indicated that PT catalyzed the early decomposition of PET, while simultaneously promoting char formation and thereby enhancing the thermal stability of PET fabrics in the high-temperature region. VFT results showed that PET-PT self-extinguished immediately after being removed from the flame, with no melt-dripping observed, and the damage length was only 76 mm. The LOI value of PET-PT increased to 26.6%. These findings collectively indicated that PT effectively improved the flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of PET fabrics, thereby significantly improving the fire safety of PET fabrics. Furthermore, micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) results showed that compared with the pure PET fabric, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of PET-PT decreased by 29.2% and the total heat release (THR) decreased by 28.3%, further confirming PT's ability to inhibit heat release of PET fabrics. The breaking force test results showed that the warp and weft breaking force of PET-PT increased to 710 N and 948 N, respectively, suggesting 13.4% and 9.1% higher than that of the raw PET fabric. Antibacterial test indicated that PET-PT exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against E.coli and S.aureus, with antibacterial rates reaching 100% and 97.8%, respectively.

Conclusion The flame-retardant PT was synthesized from PA and TP by esterification, and was subsequently applied to the PET fabric using dipping-padding-curing process. When the weight gain reached 20.8%, the LOI value of PET-PT increased to 26.6%, accompanied by a significantly reduced damage length and the complete absence of melt-dripping during burning. PT was found to catalyze the early decomposition of PET, facilitating the formation of a stable char layer that suppressed heat release. Furthermore, the breaking strength of the treated PET fabrics was improved after the flame-retardant treatment, meeting the practical requirements for daily use. Meanwhile, the treated PET fabrics demonstrated markedly enhanced antibacterial properties compared with the raw PET fabric. However, due to the weak binding force between PT and PET fabrics, the flame-retardant PET fabrics exhibited poor wash durability, and further research is still required to improve the PET-PT interface durability.

Objective Hugging, with its broad emotional expression and strong psychological identification, is a common posture in haptic interaction. Various feedback methods, different interaction scenarios, and diverse devices have been used for wearable devices for simulating hugs. However, current devices, especially garment-type ones, have limitations. Feedback module placement lacks clear visual reference, pressure output struggles to adapt to different partners, and functional barriers exist between devices designed for collaborative use and those for individual use. These issues hinder the devices' universality and social interaction capabilities. Exploring hugging postures is important for optimizing feedback module placement and for improving device interaction methods.

Method This study focuses on images of hugging postures among individuals in intimate relationships. By integrating subjective evaluations with objective image capture, average images were analyzed to propose segmentation and localization of comprehensive hugging zones and develop pressure-adaptive garment for simulated hugs. Based on hand placement and body position, three common and comfortable combinations were selected as variables, which are the right lateralization criss-cross style, the neck-waist style with the neck surrounded, and neck-waist style with the waist surrounded. Objective image capture was facilitated utilizing experimental garments coated with reversible thermochromic paint, capturing front, back, sides, and shoulder region images by photographic documentation. Subjective evaluations were adopted to collect participants' pressure perceived zones for ranking the body parts during hugging through online questionnaires. The functional garment employed an ESP32 microcontroller as the main control unit, flexible resistive pressure sensors as input units, and flexible airbag as feedback actuators.

Results For the 360 images collected from objective experiments, multi-image averaging was performed using OpenCV, yielding a total of 18 average images, corresponding to the spatial distribution characteristics of the front, back, sides, and shoulder parts under three hugging postures. Based on the 18 average images, two comprehensive average images were further synthesized, presenting the overall average distribution of the front and back views for the three postures. Analysis of subjective data generated 18 pressure perception heatmaps, reflecting the distribution of pressure perception intensity on different body parts during the hugging process. SPSS was adopted to analyze the ranking data of body parts, and the results revealed a high degree of consistency in the perception intensity priorities between the front and back parts under different hugging postures. In contrast, the perception intensity of the shoulder region showed lower consistency. By comparing the average images with the pressure perception heatmaps, comprehensive hugging zones were manually delineated. Based on this, the spatial positioning and overall layout of the pressure feedback modules for functional garments were determined. Functional testing revealed that the pressure-adaptive recognition of this garment achieved a 60% consistency rate on three metrics, i.e., actual preset values, system recognition, and personal perception.

Conclusion This study focuses on hugging postures among individuals in intimate relationships, employing OpenCV average image processing and subjective pressure perception heatmaps to explore the spatial distribution characteristics of three hugging postures. Manual segmentation is adopted to delineate comprehensive hugging zones. Based on the extracted zones, a functional hugging simulation garment was designed and developed, which was capable of adaptive adjustment according to varying hugging pressure. The findings provide methodological and visual foundations for designing feedback modules in simulated hugging garments, establishing a reusable methodological framework for future development and optimization of functional hugging devices. Furthermore, adhering to the law of large numbers where increasing sample size drives sample means toward theoretical expectations, subsequent research can enhance the representativeness of average images and the universality of region localization by expanding image acquisition scale and establishing broader standardized image databases.

Objective Due to limited research on aesthetic evaluation of dress drape, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between fabric drapeability and aesthetics of draped clothing, taking cheongsam as the research object. Forty female graduate students majoring in fashion participated in the research, and both subjective and objective evaluations of cheongsam drape aesthetics were carried out.

Method In order to differentiate the fabric drape property from the dress drape aesthetics, this study involved two experiments, one being silk fabric drapeability test and the other visual sensory evaluation of cheongsam drape aesthetics, so as to establish the relationship between both based on analyzing these two experiment results. Fabric drapeability testing and garment manufacturing were conducted in the virtual environment in CLO 3D 7.0. Various drape indices of fabrics were identified utilizing image processing technology through MatLab R2024a. The subjective and objective methods were adopted to evaluate the acethetics of cheongsam drape. The subjective evaluation included the emotion and judgment factors based on the PAD model and aesthetic experience model of Leder et al. The SMI ETG 2w eye-tracking equipment in German was served as an objective method. Finally, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were applied to the subjective and objective data using SPSS 26.0.

Results Cluster analysis was carried out to classify fabric samples and cheongsam samples. Fabric samples were divided into four clusters, whereas cheongsam samples were divided into three clusters. The evaluation criteria for the drape performance of silk fabrics were not the same as those for assessing the draping aesthetics of cheongsams. Spearman correlation analysis and regression analysis were employed to analyze the correlation between fabric drape indexes and subjective evaluation. Specifically, the drape coefficient exhibited a significant negative correlation with drape perception and fluttering property, while the drape degree, aesthetic coefficient, shape coefficient, fit coefficient, and comprehensive aesthetic degree were significantly positively correlated with drape perception, fluttering property, and curved acethetics. Moreover, the correlation between these fabric drape indexes and judgment factor was also significant. In addition, Spearman correlation analysis was employed to analyse the correlation between eye-tracking indices and subjective evaluation. The result showed that 1) fixation duration of the area of interest (AOI) for sleeves was significantly positively correlated with pleasure, arousal, and emotion factor; 2) fixation duration of the AOI for bust was significantly positively correlated with drape ability, fluttering property, and judgment factor, and fixation count was significantly positively correlated with judgment factor; 3) fixation duration of the AOI for hip was significantly negatively correlated with dominance, drape perception, flowing perception, curved acethetics, judgment factor, and synthesis scores, and fixation count was significantly negatively correlated with pleasure, arousal, dominance, drape perception, flowing perception, curved acethetics, emotion factor, judgment factor, and synthesis scores, and average fixation duration was only significantly negatively correlated with judgment factor; 4) average fixation duration of the AOI for hem was significantly positively correlated with curved acethetics, emotion factor, and synthesis scores. An evaluation model for predicting the aesthetic synthesis score was constructed based on fabric drape indexes and fixation count through regression analysis. Validation demonstrated that the model's mean absolute deviation remained below 8%, thereby confirming its accuracy.

Conclusion An exploratory study is conducted to evaluate the acethetics of cheongsam drape using eye-tracking technology. An evaluation model was created for acethetics of cheongsam drape based on drape indexes, subjective evaluation, and eye-tracking data. The subjective evaluation includes both the emotion factor and the judgment factor from which the synthesis score is generated, proving the effectiveness of PAD model and aesthetic experience model of Leder et al in the research of cheongsam drape beauty. The drape indexes of the fabrics are significantly correlated with the judgment factor. Drape coefficient can negatively predict the judgment factor, while the drape degree, aesthetic coefficient, shape coefficient, fit coefficient, and comprehensive aesthetic degree can positively predict the judgment factor. Eye-tracking technology is introduced for the first time to evaluate the aesthetics of cheongsam drape. The result shows that the eye-tracking data is significantly correlated with the emotion factor and synthesis score. Fixation count of a sum of AOIs for the waist, hip, and hem negatively predicts synthesis score, while drape indexes except for the drape coefficient positively predict synthesis score.

Objective Long hours at desks and on phones are worsening human postures, leading to hunched backs and rounded shoulders. These changes directly harm the fit of a suit, affecting its overall look. Therefore, a characterization analysis of young female back shapes related to unhealthy body postures was prosposed, aiming to offer theoretical support for designing better-fitting tailored garments.

Method 3D body data were acquired using scanners, which were processed with Geomagic software for noise reduction and data filling. The back region was defined by dividing the body along the mid-sagittal plane and then characterized its morphology by extracting key feature points based on surface curvature. The data were the classified using gray correlation and the silhouette coefficient. Ultimately, a predictive model for back body shapes was established using a neural network, directly informing the optimization of shoulder pad designs in warp-knitted suits for different back types.

Results A study of 104 young women aged 18-25 defined the posterior back region as the area between the mandibular point and the horizontal circumference through the anterior abdominal protuberance. Using Geomagic reverse engineering software, the cross-sectional curves of the back region were generated. Local curvatures along these curves were calculated to locate the most prominent points, establishing nine landmarks. Based on these points, five planes were constructed to characterize back morphology. Multidimensional parameters involving six angles and three lengths were extracted from these feature points and planes.

The grey relational analysis (GRA) was adopted to extract the five key indicators from the feature parameters before K-means clustering was performed by randomly grouping these five indicators, where the cluster numbers (K) ranged from 2 to 9. For each test, the silhouette coefficient was calculated. The best result, with the highest coefficient, emerged when dividing subjects into three categories based on thickness and back-shoulder width. The first category was the straight and slender type, with an overall straight back representing the normal form. The second category was the broad-shouldered and thick-backed type, featuring a thick upper back, a broad back, and an externally rotated shoulder girdle, resembling winged scapulae. The third was the narrow-shouldered with posterior curvature type, presenting a prominent neck curve, narrow shoulders, and a mild kyphotic tendency.

A three-layer neural network was built in MatLab R2023b to predict the back body types of young women. Using a stratified sampling method, the dataset was divided into 3 groups, 70% for training, 15% for validation, and he rest 15% for testing, where the validation set was adopted to guide the training and to prevent overfitting, whereas the test set assessed the model's ability to generalize. The final model achieved an overall accuracy of 98.97%. Based on these distinct back shape classifications, the study concluded by applying optimized shoulder pad designs in warp-knitted suits tailored to each back type.

Conclusion Based on comprehensive 3D body scanning data, a systematic framework for back morphology analysis was established by defining precise anatomical boundaries and creating representative feature points and planes. Through advanced clustering methodology incorporating characteristic angles, lengths, gray correlation analysis, and silhouette coefficients, three distinct somatotypes was identified: the straight-slender variant representing standard morphology, the broad-thick type exhibiting winged scapulae characteristics, and the narrow-convex form demonstrating mild kyphotic predisposition. An accurate neural network prediction model was developed, achieving 98.97% classification accuracy, providing reliable technological support for customized shoulder pad engineering. Furthermore, significant correlations between scapular plane configuration and body thickness dimensions was revealed. Tailored shoulder pads designed for specific somatotypes effectively reposition the shoulder point posteriorly, creating optimized shoulder contours that reduce apparent body thickness. This strategic modification decreases critical distances between shoulder pads and back protrusion points, facilitating natural scapular retraction toward prominent areas.

These structural improvements collectively enhance shoulder silhouette definition, optimize overall body proportions, and elevate garment fit and aesthetic quality. The findings establish substantial theoretical and practical foundations for personalized apparel design and manufacturing processes.

Objective The unreasonable nozzle structure of a foreign fiber sorting machine leads to the inconsistency of the airflow velocity of the inner and outer nozzles and the rapid attenuation of the nozzle airflow velocity, which affects the exclusion rate of the foreign fiber in the cotton flow. The purpose of this paper is to optimize the cavity structure and nozzle structure, aiming to achieve consistent airflow velocities of the inner and outer nozzles with a higher initial velocity, so as to improve the exclusion rate of foreign fibers.

Method The Fluent module of ANSYS software was adopted to model the nozzle structure of CS808 foreign fiber sorting machine. The simulation parameters were set according to the actual working conditions of the foreign fiber sorting machine. The flow field characteristics of the original nozzle structure were analyzed by fluid dynamics simulation. Two improvement schemes of optimizing the cavity structure and nozzle structure were then proposed and simulated. The velocity contour was drawn and the effects before and after improvement were compared.

Results The simulation results showed useful insight of the nozzle structure. The unequal distances between the inner/outer nozzles and the nozzle inlet caused inconsistent airflow velocities between the inner and outer nozzles, which was proven detrimental to the removal of foreign fibers in the cotton flow. In order to address this issue, an optimization scheme was proposed by adding a flow-splitting baffle inside the nozzle to transform the original ″one-to-four″ airflow distribution structure into a hierarchical ″one-to-two-to-four″ distribution structure. Before optimization, the airflow velocity difference between the inner and outer nozzles was approximately 40 m/s, and this difference was kept within 5 m/s after optimization. In order to improve the airflow stability in the outer flow field, three nozzle-shape improvement schemes, i.e., straight-hole, conical, and double-arc types, were proposed and numerically simulated. The results indicated that the straight-hole nozzle offered optimal effect in enhancing airflow stability, with a significantly lower airflow velocity attenuation rate within the 0-30 mm range of the outer flow field compared to the other two nozzles. The two optimization schemes were combined and simulated under the same operating conditions as the original exclusion nozzle. The simulation results demonstrated that the velocity difference between the inner and outer sides of the optimized nozzle was smaller than that of the original one, both inside the nozzle and in the outer flow field. The airflow velocity of the optimized nozzle reached a minimum value of 60 m/s at 55 mm in the outer flow field, with the original nozzle's velocity dropping to a minimum of 20 m/s at 35 mm in the external flow field.

Conclusion The unreasonable structure of the original nozzle is the main reason for the uneven velocity of the inner and outer airflow and the rapid attenuation of the airflow velocity. By adding a baffle in the nozzle cavity, the airflow velocity of the inner and outer nozzles can be effectively balanced. The improvement of the nozzle shape also has a certain delay effect on the attenuation of the nozzle velocity. These improvements ensure the efficiency of subsequent cotton foreign fiber removal to a certain extent. The improvement of the exclusion efficiency in the practical application of the improved scheme proposed needs to be further verified in theory and practical applications.

Objective This study aims to enhance the efficiency and quality consistency of fiber winding and forming for carbon/carbon (C/C) composite preforms of a conical section, and to better meet the evolving demands on conical components, by developing a fiber-winding and forming robot system. Employing constant-tension control and precise trajectory planning, the system is expected to improve winding-path consistency and reduce defect rates, thereby providing a technical paradigm for the automated production of other C/C composite preforms.

Method A constant-tension winding head was designed to meet the demands of dry-fiber reinforcement winding, employing a spring-based tension mechanism to maintain consistent tension on the carbon fibers. In order to accommodate the uncapped ends of the conical mandrel and enable reliable fiber reversal and retention at the pin locations, a pin-plate tooling fixture was developed. Drawing on the mandrel's geometric characteristics and helical-winding theory, a mathematical model of the spiral winding trajectory was established, and MatLab-based simulations were conducted to numerically model and visually verify the winding paths. Additionally, a fiber-winding and forming robot system for conical C/C composite preforms was implemented, featuring a programmable logic controller (PLC) based control unit and seven-axis coordinated motion. Robot trajectory planning was performed using helical-winding theory in conjunction with an enhanced Denavit-Hartenberg parameter method.

Results After prototype commissioning, dry-fiber winding experiments were conducted on the C/C composite preforms of the conical section using constant-tension 12K PAN-based carbon fiber. Process parameters were set according to the constraint equations and mandrel geometric dimensions, where the mandrel rotational speed ω was π/4 rad/s, and the winding-head end-effector speed v was 20 mm/s. During each winding cycle, the first half-cycle comprised a 720° mandrel rotation while the end effector traversed the mandrel's generatrix at constant speed from the large end to the small end. In the second half-cycle, the mandrel rotated an additional 720° + Δθ (Δ θ is constant angular displacement) and the end effector returned from the small end to the large end. At cycle completion, the mandrel exhibited a constant angular displacement of Δθ=13.85°, establishing the precise spatial offset between successive layers via periodic angular superposition. A total of 26 cycles were required to achieve full coverage, at which point the cumulative mandrel rotation reached 360° and the carbon fibers densely and uniformly covered the conical surface. Throughout each cycle, the fibers were stably guided by the rotating mandrel and end effector in both winding directions, with uniform deposition and no fiber overlap. Comparison of the actual winding trajectories to the simulated profiles showed excellent agreement. The planned path enabled smooth, collision-free operations between the winding head and mandrel, with no fiber bridging or pin interference observed. During early cycles, the fibers maintained intimate contact with the mandrel surface without slippage, and at the end of each cycle, fibers adhered equally well to both the mandrel and underlying layers, without noticeable slip. A protractor was adopted to sample the winding angles at the large end, mid-section, and small end of the conical mandrel over five winding cycles, and the mean relative error was calculated. The mean relative errors at the large end, mid-section, and small end were 0.62%, 0.91%, and 1.71%, respectively. The largest deviation occurred at the small end, primarily due to the introduction of the tuning coefficient ξ and inherent measurement uncertainties. All errors remained below 2%, which satisfies the allowable process tolerance.

Conclusion This study solves the problems on low efficiency, high labor intensity, and poor consistency of manual winding for the C/C composite preforms of the conical section by developing an automated fiber-winding and forming robot system. At its core, a PLC-based controller coordinates a constant-tension carbon-fiber winding head as the end-effector and a servo-driven rotating mandrel as an external auxiliary axis, thereby ensuring stable fiber tension control and synchronized mandrel rotation. Drawing on helical-winding theory and trajectory simulation, a pin-plate tooling-assisted winding scheme was devised. Furthermore, precise path planning based on an enhanced D-H parameter method was performed to guarantee smooth robot motion along the prescribed trajectories. Experimental results demonstrate good agreement between theoretical and actual winding paths, uniform fiber placement without overlap or slippage, confirming the feasibility and engineering value of the proposed pin-plate-assisted conical winding approach and robot system.

Objective With ongoing advances in intelligent manufacturing, reliable, non-damaging pick-and-place of flexible textile fabrics remains a critical bottleneck for automated garment production, directly affecting the throughput and product quality. Existing grippers-rigid jaws, soft contact hands, and electrostatic systems-either damage fabrics because of grippers' poor adaption to planar deformable sheets, or suffer from charge hysteresis causing dust attraction. This study designs a Bernoulli-based non-contact pneumatic suction cup to achieve stable, damage-free fabric handling for intelligent garment manufacturing.

Method Based on the Bernoulli principle, a non-contact pneumatic suction cup with double-stage stepped exhaust holes and circumferential guide ribs was designed to achieve gap-maintained non-contact gripping. ANSYS Fluent was utilized to analyze internal flow characteristics. A suction-force test rig was built, and a single-variable method was adopted to study influences of disc gap distance, hole gap height, bottom curvature and air pressure on suction force. Gripping tests with various garment fabrics were carried out to verify suction performance, adaptability and stability of the suction cup.

Results Simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed suction cup structure, integrating double-stage stepped exhaust holes and circumferential guide ribs, enabled the airflow beneath the suction cup to be dominated by transverse flow with negligible axial impact. As a result, a relatively large and uniformly distributed negative-pressure region was formed on the outlet surface, generating a large suction force and ensuring stable grasping. Regarding structural parameters, the disc gap distance, hole gap height, and bottom curvature were found to significantly influence the suction force with an increase-decrease trend. The suction force reached its optimum when the disc gap distance was approximately 0.4 mm, the hole gap height was about 1.5 mm, and the bottom curvature was around 5°. In addition, the air pressure showed an approximately positive correlation with the suction force, and increasing the pressure within an appropriate range enabled effective regulation of the suction force to satisfy the grasping requirements of different target objects. Gripping experiments were conducted using garment fabrics with different air permeabilities as well as cartons, and the results indicated that the proposed suction cup was able to achieve stable and damage-free gripping of various planar flexible fabrics under appropriate supply pressures. Comprehensive simulation and experimental results further revealed that the suction cup exhibits good adaptability, promising application potential in the non-contact gripping of garment fabrics.

Conclusion A non-contact pneumatic suction cup based on the Bernoulli principle was proposed and designed to achieve stable non-contact gripping of flexible fabrics through the structural configuration of double-stage stepped exhaust holes and circumferential guide ribs. The results show that optimizing structural parameters and adjusting the air pressure can effectively improve suction performance and satisfy the gripping requirements of different target objects. Gripping experiments further demonstrate that the suction cup exhibits good adaptability and stability when handling various garment fabrics. This study provides a feasible solution for automated fabric handling in garment manufacturing and offers a reference for the application of non-contact pneumatic gripping devices in the manipulation of planar flexible materials.

Significance Pre-oxidation (stabilization) of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers represents a critical technological nexus for advancing high-performance functional materials. As a versatile precursor to carbon nanomaterials, PAN nanofibers offer exceptional specific surface area, adjustable porosity, and mechanical robustness. However, their inherent limitations, including solvent-induced swelling in polar environments and energy-intensive carbonization causing structural defects, restrict its direct application in harsh conditions. Pre-oxidation addresses these challenges by transforming PAN's linear molecular chains into thermally stable ladder-type aromatic structures via controlled thermo-oxidative reactions. This intermediate (pre-oxidation PAN, oPAN) emerges as a standalone material with superior chemical resistance, flexibility, and functional adaptability. Its significance spans environmental remediation (e.g., oil/water separation, heavy metal capture), energy storage (battery separators), catalysis, and flame retardancy, positioning oPAN as a sustainable enabler for next-generation technologies operating under extreme conditions.

Progress In terms of pre-oxidation techniques, innovations in oxidative processing have expanded beyond conventional air-/liquid-based methods. Plasma-assisted oxidation accelerates cyclization kinetics while etching fiber surfaces to enhance porosity. Ultraviolet radiation reduces initiation temperatures by generating radicals that promote dehydrogenation. Microwave processing enables rapid, uniform heating, lowering reaction temperatures and minimizing defects. These methods address traditional drawbacks of long processing times and inhomogeneous ″skin-core″ structures. Relating to structural engineering, hybrid modifications optimize oPAN's functionality. Graphene oxide coatings improve thermal conductivity, enabling homogeneous cyclization. Block copolymers and pore-forming agents create (hierarchical) pores, boosting specific surface area and providing a foundation for carbon-based electrodes. Chemical pre-treatments introduce functional groups that enhance adsorption. Regarding terminal applications, oPAN nanofiber membrane has found active or passive efficient separation of various oil-water systems in harsh environments and serve as an efficient catalyst for volatile organic gas pollutants in the air/Suzuki coupling reaction, based on its excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, high porosity, large specific surface area, resistance to harsh environments, and designability. It can also be used as an adsorbent for various heavy metal ions and dyes in wastewater, and particulate matter in the air, a lithium/zinc ion battery separator with excellent ionic conductivity and cycling performance, and a potential candidate for flame-retardant thermal insulation products.

Conclusion and Prospect Pre-oxidation transforms PAN nanofibers into thermally/chemically resilient oPAN with dual utility: as a carbon fiber precursor and a functional end-product. Advanced oxidation strategies (plasma, microwave) and structural modifications (e.g., pore-formers, copolymers) have significantly enhanced cyclization efficiency, porosity control, and application performance. oPAN excels in demanding environments, evidenced by its high-flux separation membranes, robust battery separators, and recyclable catalysts. Challenges in the future include scalability of advanced oxidation techniques (e.g., plasma, irradiation), deep understanding of quantitative links between pre-oxidation parameters (temperature ramp rates, retention, tension) and nanoscale structural evolution, long-term stability of functionalized oPAN under real-world conditions (e.g., acidic wastewater, high-voltage cycling). Future directions of oPAN nanofiber include the following. 1) Employing multiple monitoring techniques to elucidate the real-time structural evolution kinetics during PAN cyclization, quantifying and establishing the correlation between the pre-oxidation process and the multilevel structures of fibers. 2) Expanding and investigating the compatibility and coupling effects of advanced oxidation technologies (e.g., plasma, UV irradiation), integrating process strategies to simultaneously achieve multiple objectives such as low-temperature (<200 ℃) efficient cyclization and structural uniformity. 3) Developing an artificial intelligence-guided multi-field coupled multi-zone pre-oxidation furnace capable of precise thermal analysis and tension control to facilitate rapid pre-oxidation and eliminate radial inhomogeneity. 4) Integrating the manufacturing process of oPAN with the goal of reducing environmental pollution and achieving green production. Interdisciplinary collaboration between academia and industry is vital to translate lab-scale breakthroughs into scalable, economically viable oPAN technologies for global sustainability challenges.

Significance With the rapid development of modern industry, too much energy was consumed for temperature regulation, which leads to serious environmental problems. For example, the excessive consumption of fossil fuels to achieve space cooling, large greenhouse gas emissions, and the difficult degradation of condensing ice packs will bring a series of environmental problems and survival problem. The conventional cooling system is more complex and the service life of the equipment is short. In contrast, radiation cooling technology achieves cooling on its own without consuming more external energy. Therefore, the emergence of radiation cooling materials has brought light to the realization of sustainable low-carbon models and the development of products that are beneficial to human comfort. Based on the mechanism of radiative cooling, this paper introduces radiation cooling technology, classifies radiation cooling materials, analyzes the application of existing radiation cooling materials in different fields, and finally summarizes the challenges and development of radiation cooling technology.

Progress The spectral selectivity regulation of radiation cooling materials is the key to achieving efficient thermal management. Current material design mainly focuses on optimizing the infrared emission performance of materials in the atmospheric window band (8-13 μm), enhancing the solar reflection characteristics in the solar spectral band (0.3-2.5 μm), and achieving dynamic regulation of spectral properties through micro-nanostructure engineering. In order to achieve this goal, researchers adopted a combination strategy including multi-scale porous structure construction, functionalized multilayer film composites, and precise doping of nanoparticles, ultimately achieving a synergistic optimization of high reflectivity in the solar spectrum and high emissivity in the mid-infrared band. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research of radiation cooling materials, and their applications have been expanded to multiple fields such as building energy conservation, cold chain logistics and renewable energy. In the field of textiles, technological research and development are evolving from a single thermal management function to a multi-functional integration direction. The new generation of smart textiles, by integrating functions such as antibacterial, flame-retardant and ultraviolet-resistant properties, have expanded their application scenarios beyond personal thermal management, and demonstrated unique advantages in special fields such as fire-fighting equipment, military protection and aerospace. In terms of building materials, technological evolution has undergone a leap from basic cooling functions to composite performance. Modern radiation cooling building materials possess excellent weather resistance, self-cleaning performance and low light pollution characteristics. Applications of agricultural cold chain has initially met the demand for the preservation and transportation of fresh food. Radiation cooling materials are transforming from single-function to multi-functional integration, and their development shows obvious characteristics of diversification, integration and practicality.

Conclusion and Prospect In the future, radiation cooling materials will focus on the development of low-cost, high-performance, green and degradable cooling products. In order to achieve the large-scale application of radiation cooling materials, the cooling efficiency of materials should be significantly improved, the production process of materials should be simplified, and the functions of materials should be broadened. At the same time, in terms of structural design and material selection, the aging resistance and hygroscopic properties of the material should be fully considered to achieve multi-functional integration. In addition, the use of radiation cooling materials is mainly to reduce energy consumption and achieve green refrigeration, and more degradable radiation cooling materials should be developed. Finally, for the current research on radiation cooling materials, its application range and cooling performance evaluation mostly stay in the laboratory stage, and it should be based on the use of scenarios and actual needs, to strengthen the correlation and systematization of radiation cooling and other materials and improve the overall cooling performance evaluation of radiation cooling materials. With the development of the times and market demand, radiation cooling materials should not be limited to textiles, buildings and agriculture fields, and the textile field will be followed by intelligent cooling technology, and research with thermal comfort adjustment and sensory interaction functions of cooling textiles.

Significance Spinning, as the foundation of the textile industry, directly affects the quality of textile products, where the stability of spinning machinery is a key factor. Excessive vibration can deteriorate yarn evenness and strength, reduce process consistency, and accelerate wear of key components, thereby lowering overall production efficiency. Currently, spinning machinery faces the challenge of increasing speed and improving quality. As operating speed increases, rotating parts and transmission systems are more likely to trigger resonance, amplification of dynamic loads, and stability degradation, which makes vibration control increasingly difficult in practice. Although the domestic spinning machinery has witnessed progress in terms of intelligence and speed, there remains a gap in operating speed compared to high-end equipment manufactured by the leading developed countries, with vibration issues being the main bottleneck. Therefore, research on vibration in spinning machinery is crucial, not only for the realization of high-speed and intelligent capabilities but also as the basis for fault diagnosis and predictive maintenance. Given the current scarcity of documents, this paper reviews and summarizes existing research methods, aiming to provide theoretical support for in-depth studies, and to envisage application prospects of digital twins in vibration research of spinning machinery.

Progress Firstly, the paper elucidates the limitations and integration requirements of conventional dynamic modeling and data modeling. The modeling of dynamic mechanisms has strong interpretability and low data dependence, but the modeling cost is high, the parameters are uncertain, and it is difficult to fully characterize the real working condition disturbances. Vibration data modeling is suitable for complex nonlinear and efficient modeling, but has weak interpretability and is highly dependent on data quality and quantity. Secondly, the application practices of fusion methods in other fields are summarized from different stages such as dataset construction, model training, and model output. Based on two aspects of work, a dynamic-data modeling fusion architecture for vibration research of spinning machinery was proposed, and the fusion architecture combining digital twin technology was explored. Subsequently, the performance differences of different fusion strategies were discussed and their applicability in different devices and operating conditions was analyzed. Finally, the significance of fusion methods for the intelligent development of textile machinery was summarized, and the future development directions in small sample prediction, complex working condition adaptation, and digital twin integration were discussed.

Conclusion and Prospect The vibration of spinning machinery directly affects the operational efficiency and product quality of textile production. Due to multi-source excitations, nonlinear contact behaviors, and time-varying operating conditions, vibration phenomena in spinning machinery are often complex and difficult to model accurately using a single paradigm. In conventional research methods, pure dynamic modeling requires strong theoretical assumptions, while pure data-driven methods rely on a large amount of data and are difficult to meet the current requirements for vibration control in high-speed, efficient, and intelligent spinning production. The dynamic-data modeling fusion method combines physical mechanisms with data modeling to enhance the interpretability of the model and its adaptability to complex dynamics, providing a new research path for vibration analysis of textile machinery. The dynamic-data modeling fusion method will further promote the intelligent development of textile machinery in terms of small sample faults, adaptive complex working conditions, and digital twin integration. By integrating mechanism knowledge and operational data, a highly adaptive quality control and fault warning system will be constructed. The dynamic-data modeling fusion method will play an increasingly important role in fault diagnosis, quality improvement, and performance optimization of textile machinery, promoting the textile manufacturing industry to move towards a new stage of higher quality and intelligence.

Significance Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic pollutants widely used in textile dyeing printing industry as water-, oil-, and stain-repellent agents, making the industry wastewater be a major emission source, with PFAS concentrations in wastewater reported up to 4 268 ng/L, far higher than the background levels. Because of persistence and health risks like immunosuppression, PFASs are the main pollutants under the Stockholm Convention and national regulations. However, their removal from dyeing and printing wastewater remains challenging, where the conventional biological treatments exhibit low efficiency and risk generating mobile short-chain PFASs, the chemical oxidation may produce byproducts, membrane separation is costly, and biodegradation has limited effect. Despite its high efficiency and operational simplicity, the application of adsorption is hindered by the complex matrices of dyeing and printing wastewater. High salinity, variable pH value, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) impair short-chain PFAS selectivity, cause competitive adsorption, and increase regeneration costs. Recent studies take activated carbon, ion-exchange resins, metal-organic frameworks/covalent organic frameworks (MOFs/COFs), and fluorinated polymers as promising adsorbents, which are modified to improve selectivity and durability. By elucidating synergies among hydrophobic, electrostatic, and F-F interactions, structure-oriented design of advanced adsorbents enables sustainable and cost-effective solutions, thereby supporting the green transition of the textile industry and ensuring aquatic environmental safety.

Progress Recent research on PFASs adsorption from textile dyeing and printing wastewater has achieved notable progress in both materials and mechanisms. Conventional adsorbents such as activated carbon was improved by co-pyrolysis with red mud or ZnCl₂ activation, improving pore structures, surface activity, and resistance to DOM interference. Ion-exchange resins functionalized with hydrophobic or positively charged groups significantly improved short-chain PFAS removal. New fluorinated polymers demonstrated outstanding capacity. Perfluoropolyether-modified ion-exchange resin PFPE-IEX+ achieved 518.9 mg/g hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) adsorption in saline, humic acid-rich water through synergistic fluorine-fluorine and electrostatic interactions. Type I fluorine-fluorine interactions were adopted to optimize adsorption energy and molecular recognition. Hydrophobic interfacial nanobubbles enriched long-chain PFASs, with degassing reducing PFOS uptake by 17%-26%. Ca²⁺ ions were found to mitigate DOM inhibition via a ″bridging effect″. Representative materials such as strong-base anion exchange resins, thermally regenerable hydrotalcite, and PFPE-IEX+ highlighted the practical potential. These advances collectively drive adsorption technology toward multi-mechanism synergy, reduced energy demand, and precise PFAS targeting, offering sustainable solutions for textile wastewater treatment.

Conclusion and Prospect Substantial breakthroughs have been achieved in the adsorption-based removal of PFASs, demonstrating significant potential for treating textile dyeing and printing wastewater. By leveraging multi-mechanism synergy-combining hydrophobic, electrostatic, and fluorine-fluorine interactions, novel adsorbents demonstrated markedly improved adsorption capacity and selectivity for PFASs. These materials exhibit strong anti-interference in complex water matrices, facing challenges such as high salinity, pH variation, and DOM competition. Adsorption kinetics have been advanced by orders of magnitude, nearing instantaneous response for some materials. Regeneration strategies was also advanced, as the low-temperature thermal and mild solvent-based approaches were found to substantially reduce energy consumption and secondary pollution risks. Nevertheless, several key challenges remain. Removal efficiency for short-chain and weakly charged PFASs is still limited, the long-term stability of adsorbents is compromised in real wastewater matrices, large-scale production of high-performance materials remains costly, and regeneration economics and integrated technologies for simultaneous adsorbent recovery and PFAS degradation are not yet mature. Accordingly, future development should focus on the aspects such as designing multifunctional adsorbents targeting short-chain PFASs with enhanced molecular recognition and DOM resistance, coupling advanced regeneration methods (e.g., photocatalysis, electrochemical processes) with PFAS mineralization, constructing modular treatment systems adaptable to dynamic water quality, and advancing emission standards and policy incentives for green technologies. The continued evolution of adsorption technology toward higher efficiency, lower energy consumption, and integrated system design will provide a critical foundation for deep PFAS remediation in the textile dyeing industry.