Objective To address the issues of insufficient mass transfer kinetics and adsorption capacity of functional materials in the development of bioseparation media, this study employed electrospinning technology combined with a chemical modification strategy to construct porous sulfonated hydrogenated styrene-butadiene block copolymer fiber membrane materials with a hierarchical meso-microporous structure and cation exchange properties.

Method Pristine Hydrogenated Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer (SEBS) fiber membrane materials were prepared using electrospinning technology. On this basis, sulfonated porous SEBS cation exchange fiber mem-branes (designated as S₂-PFM-1) were successfully synthesized via two sequential chemical modifications. The first was the employment of Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction to directionally modify chloroethyl and carbonyl polar groups on the benzene rings of SEBS, and the reaction kinetics was regulated to achieve controllable construction of the membrane’s pore structure. The second modification sulfonation treatment to introduce high-density sulfonic acid groups on the fiber surface, endowing the material with surface negative charge characteristics and enhanced hydrophilicity.

Results The porous SEBS block copolymer cation exchange fiber membrane was prepared successfully, and its performance as a protein adsorptive separation material was systematically studied. By scanning electron microscopy analysis, it was found that sulfonation had no significant effect on the morphology of SEBS fiber membrane, indicating that sulfonation mainly occurred at the molecular level and did not significantly change the macroscopic structure of the fiber. FT-IR analysis confirmed that sulfonic acid base group was successfully grafted to the surface of the fiber membrane. The hydrophilicity of the sulfonated porous SEBS fiber membrane was significantly superior to that of the sulfonated SEBS fiber membrane, attributing to the enhanced surface polarity of the material by the introduction of sulfonic acid groups. The cell activity of the porous SEBS fiber membrane remained above 80% after sulfonation using cck-8 method, indicating that sulfonic acid groups introduced into the SEBS molecular chain had good biocompatibility and no toxic byproducts were introduced. Due to the negative charge of sulfonic acid group, the fiber membrane exhibited strong electrostatic adsorption to the positively charged lysozyme. The experimental results showed that the adsorption equilibrium of S₂-PFM-1 was reached within 120 min under the condition of lysozyme concentration of 2 g/L, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 226 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that of the sulfonated flat membrane.

Conclusion Based on electrospinning and multistage chemical modification strategy, sulfonic acid-based functional porous SEBS fiber membrane material was successfully constructed. Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction accurately regulated the meso-microporous structure of the fiber network. Combined with surface sulfonation modification, high-density sulfonic acid group was introduced into the molecular chain, endowing the material with strong cation exchange ability and significantly enhanced hydrophilicity. The experimental results showed that the sulfonation modification did not change the macroscopic morphology of the fibers, but effectively regulated the surface charge distribution. The separation mechanism led by electrostatic adsorption showed excellent selectivity to lysozyme. At the optimal pH of 5, the material exhibited rapid adsorption kinetics, and the adsorption capacity was significantly better than that of traditional sulfonated membrane systems, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of multi-stage pore path reduction and high surface density of active sites. In addition, the sulfonation process did not affect the biocompatibility of the material, and the cell activity viability retention rate was more than 80%, indicating the sulfonated porous SEBS fiber membrane having excellent hydrophilicity, lysozyme adsorption performance, and cycling stability, which make it suitable for efficient protein separation and endowing it with potential application prospects in the biomedical field. This study also reveals the structure-activity relationship and action mechanism of the membrane as a protein adsorption material, providing valuable reference for the design and development of high-performance bioseparation media.

Objective Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has garnered significant attention due to its exceptional high-temperature resistance and chemical stability. While the structure of PTFE flat-sheet membranes is relatively controllable, PTFE empty tube fiber membranes prepared by uniaxial stretching face challenges in simultaneously controlling pore size and porosity.

Method By wrapping the outer surface of PTFE tubular membranes with flat-sheet membranes of varying pore sizes and layers, an asymmetric pore structure was constructed, resulting in PTFE empty tube fiber membranes with suitable pore sizes and high porosity. After hydrophilic modification using materials containing hydrophilic groups.

Results The membrane with the highest separation efficiency for oil-in-water emulsions was the modified membrane wrapped with a 0.2 μm flat-sheet membrane and three wrapping layers, achieving a separation efficiency of 99.3%, a pure water flux of 38 710.02 L/(m²·h·MPa), and a permeation flux of 13 010.6 L/(m²·h·MPa). For small-aperture membrane wrapping(0.1 μm,0.2 μm), the gradual increase in flux with additional wrapping layers can be attributed to the expanded separation channels resulting from greater membrane thickness, which provides more porous pathways and a larger effective filtration area, thereby enhancing separation efficiency. Conversely, when wrapping large-aperture membranes(0.45 μm), nodule overlap occurs after multilayer wrapping, and the intrusion of hydrophilic coatings further contributes to pore blockage. The chemical stability of the membrane with the optimal configuration was tested by immersing it in 6% sodium hypochlorite solution, 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution, and 0.1 mol/L H₂SO₄ solution for 12 h. The fluxes were 37 640.33, and 34 950.57 L/(m²·h·MPa), respectively, indicating that the modified membrane exhibited excellent oxidation resistance and strong acid/alkali resistance. Analysis of oil-in-water emulsion separation under different pressures showed that the membrane remained stable at 0.24 MPa.

Conclusion By wrapping different flat-sheet membranes on the outer surface of PTFE empty tube fiber membranes, the maximum pore size was reduced while retaining the original porosity of the tubular membranes. The modified membrane achieved a maximum pure water flux of 45 540.1 L/(m²·h·MPa), while the optimal performance was observed in the tubular membrane wrapped with a 0.2 μm flat-sheet membrane and three layers, exhibiting a water flux of 38 710.02 L/(m²·h·MPa) and a contact angle of 45.2°. At this condition, the membrane demonstrated a separation efficiency of 99.3%, along with excellent resistance to acids, alkalis, and strong oxidants, making it suitable for most wastewater treatment environments. The membrane maintained stable operation under a maximum pressure of 0.22 MPa, indicating broad prospects for applications in oil-water separation.

Significance The escalating severity of air pollution, particularly concerning fine particulate matter (PM_2.5/PM_0.1) and multipollutant interactions, necessitates the development of advanced air purification technologies. Traditional filter materials (such as glass fiber and electret meltblown fabrics) face limitations, including insufficient versatility in removing diverse air pollutants like microorganisms (bacteria), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ultrafine particulate matter (PM_0.1), as well as poor charge retention in humid environments. This underscores the requirement for air purification materials to possess multifunctional integration. Consequently, the development of high-efficiency air filtration materials featuring high dust loading capacity, low air resistance, and multifunctional synergy has emerged as a critical research direction in the field of fibrous filtration materials. This review emphasizes the critical need to develop electrospun nanofiber membranes (ENMs) with tailored multi-level structures, such as bead-on-string, wrinkled, and spider-web-like morphologies, to achieve synergistic filtration of particulates, microorganisms, and volatile organic compounds. Our work highlights the importance of integrating structural design with functional materials to enable high-efficiency, low-resistance, and multifunctional air purification, addressing a key gap in current environmental material science.

Progress Researchers have conducted extensive studies on the preparation of nanofibers using electrospinning technology and have determined that both the parameters of the spinning solution and the operational parameters of the electrospinning equipment are key factors governing the characteristics of the resulting nanofibers. Studies show that by adjusting solution properties (e.g., solvent ratio, polymer concentration) and processing parameters (e.g., humidity, voltage), structures such as bead-on-string, porous, core-shell, and dendritic fibers can be precisely controlled. These architectures significantly increase the specific surface area, optimize air flow pathways, and improve particle capture efficiency while reducing the pressure drop. For instance, bead-on-string structures enhance filtration efficiency (>97% for PM_0.3) with minimal air resistance, and spider-web-like nanonets achieve ultra-low resistance (18 Pa) under high-humidity conditions. Physical doping methods can simply and efficiently endow nanofibers with precisely controlled hierarchical morphologies. This further enhances filtration performance and simultaneously imparts functional properties such as antibacterial activity (e.g., using Ag NPs) and physical adsorption capacity (e.g., using ZIF-8 for volatile organic compounds adsorption) to the material. By innovatively preparing nanomembranes with composite multi-level structures, the synergistic integration of the advantages of different materials can be achieved. This optimizes the filtration mechanisms at the microscopic scale and significantly enhances the overall filtration performance against various pollutants. Composite multi-level structures have demonstrated integrated performance, e.g., simultaneous PM filtration, bacterial inhibition (>99%), and catalytic decomposition of volatile organic compounds (nearly 100% HCHO removal), marking a transition from single-function filters to intelligent, multi-pollutant control systems.

Conclusion and Prospect Electrospun multi-level structured nanofiber membranes offer a promising solution for efficient and multifunctional air purification, yet several challenges remain. 1) Understanding of airflow dynamics around individual nanofibers with different surface structures and their precise effects on airflow patterns, filtration efficiency, and pressure drop is still lacking. 2) The production cost of electrospun fiber membranes is currently high. Future research should focus on developing specialized polymer materials for electrospinning to enhance production efficiency, reduce costs, and meet industrial application demands. 3) Most solvents used in solution electrospinning are toxic. Therefore, research into water-soluble polymers or green, solvent-free melt electrospinning for nanofiber production is a promising avenue for developing future air filtration materials. 4) While the performance of single-structure nanofibers varies, preparing composite nanomembranes with diverse structures facilitates the synergistic combination of different material advantages. This approach optimizes the filtration mechanism at a microscopic level and significantly enhances comprehensive filtration performance against various pollutants. 5) To address complex air conditions, the integration of functionalities such as antibacterial activity, catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds, photocatalysis, and adsorption will define future trends in air filtration technology.

Significance Facemasks serve as essential personal protective equipment, playing a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases and safeguarding environmental health. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased global demand and consumption of facemasks, leading to concerns on the environmental impact due to excessive plastic waste. Conventional facemasks are predominantly made of petroleum-based polypropylene (PP), a non-degradable polymer that contributes to persistent environmental pollution and exacerbates the global plastic waste crisis. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable alternatives that maintain high-performance filtration efficiency while minimizing environmental harm. Polylactic acid (PLA) has emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation facemask filter materials due to its bio-based origin, biodegradability, and excellent processability. Derived from renewable resources such as corn starch and sugarcane, PLA offers a viable solution to reducing reliance on fossil fuels while minimizing environmental impact. Despite these advantages, PLA-based materials face inherent limitations, including brittleness, low elongation at break, and slow degradation rates under ambient conditions. Addressing these challenges is critical to advancing the practical application of PLA-based facemasks. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PLA-based facemask filter materials, emphasizing their advantages, limitations, and modification strategies to address existing challenges.

Progress Significant research efforts have been devoted to improving the mechanical properties and biodegradability of PLA-based facemask materials to meet the requirements of protective applications. Among the various strategies, modification of PLA through polymer blending has been an effective method for enhancing toughness and accelerating degradation. The blends of PLA with other biodegradable polymers, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), have demonstrated marked improvements in flexibility and biodegradability. These blends not only retain the biocompatibility and renewability of PLA but also help overcome its inherent brittleness. However, critical challenges remain, particularly in achieving homogeneous dispersion of the secondary polymer phase, minimizing phase separation, and reducing the overall production cost—factors that significantly hinder the scalability and industrial adoption of such materials. In addition to the polymer blends, plasticization has gained considerable attention as a means of enhancing the ductility, flexibility, and processability of PLA. Bio-based small-molecule plasticizers, such as citrate esters, triglycerides, and oligomeric lactic acid, have shown great potential in improving PLA's mechanical properties and promoting faster degradation. These plasticizers, derived from renewable sources, provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solution to enhancing PLA's flexibility, which align well with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable materials development. Nevertheless, issues related to high plasticizer content and migration tendencies pose concerns regarding long-term stability and material integrity. Current research is increasingly focused on the development of high-performance plasticizers with reduced migration tendencies, as well as the use of reactive compatibilization and advanced processing techniques (e.g., electrospinning, melt blending) to ensure stable and effective modification of PLA-based facemask materials.

Conclusion and Prospect PLA-based fibrous materials show considerable promise as sustainable alternatives for facemask production due to their biodegradability and potential for functional modification. Current research has yielded encouraging results, particularly in enhancing mechanical properties and degradability through polymer blending and plasticization. However, several challenges remain. These include maintaining long-term structural integrity, ensuring uniform dispersion of additives, controlling plasticizer migration, reducing the production cost, and achieving performance comparable to PP-based masks. From a forward-looking perspective, the development of next-generation PLA-based facemasks should focus on multifunctionality and reusability. Integrating bio-based antibacterial and antiviral agents, self-cleaning coatings, and even real-time sensing functionalities can significantly expand the applicability of PLA in protective equipment. Furthermore, optimization of spinning and membrane-forming technologies, such as electrospinning or melt-blown processes, is crucial for producing highly efficient filtration media with enhanced comfort and breathability. The shift from single-use to reusable PLA-based facemasks not only aligns with global sustainability goals but also offers a viable solution to plastic pollution caused by disposable PP masks. To achieve this, interdisciplinary efforts combining materials science, environmental engineering, and health technology are essential. Ultimately, the evolution of PLA-based facemasks from disposable consumables to high-performance, sustainable protective equipment will contribute significantly to the advancement of green protective materials.

Significance Fibrous separation membranes serve as highly efficient, low-energy separation materials characterized by a porous network structure, which affords higher porosity and specific surface area than homogeneous membranes. Consequently, it is widely used in dye adsorption, oil-water separation, protein separation, and so on. However, these fibrous separation membranes encounter bottlenecks including poor chemical corrosion resistance and insufficient antifouling properties, hindering their ability to meet diverse demands under complex operating conditions. Functional modification has become a major research thrust aiming at addressing these performance constraints. Surface chemical modification techniques - including the grafting of hydrophilic/hydrophobic groups and charge modulation - allow for precise control over the interfacial properties of the membrane. These approaches not only enhance chemical corrosion resistance but also confer superwetting characteristics and improved antifouling performance. Concurrently, surface roughness has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing antifouling properties, separation selectivity, and flux.

Progress Functional modification of fibrous separation membranes via tailored surface chemistry and roughness significantly improves their separation efficiency, selectivity, and antifouling properties, thereby broadening their applicability. Precise adjustment of surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, and charge characteristics further enhances the separation performance. Superhydrophilic modification enhances water affinity to improve anti-fouling properties through establishing a stable hydration layer utilizing hydrophilic materials such as polydopamine, tannic acid, or acrylic acid, which acts as a physical barrier to prevent pollutant adhesion. Furthermore, chemical grafting of charged functional groups (—NH₂, —COOH, —SO₂H) converts intrinsically non-charged systems into charged systems, enabling efficient electrostatic separation of charged species like proteins, dyes, or metal ions. Surface roughness engineering, typically implemented via techniques including electro-assisted chemical deposition, spray coating, and dip coating, involves constructing micro/nanostructures on fibrous membrane surfaces to optimize physicochemical properties and functional characteristics. For instance, controlled crystal growth on cellulose membrane surfaces creates roughness that increases hydrophobicity, facilitating effective separation of diverse oil/water mixtures. Surface roughness modification can also be realized by altering internal micro/nanostructures within the membrane. Engineering surface roughness to impart specific wettability characteristics proves crucial for developing high-performance separation materials, as this approach not only enhances separation selectivity but also effectively addresses permeability constraints to improve separation efficiency. The combined implementation of surface chemical modifications and roughness engineering further enhances the separation capabilities of fibrous membranes while introducing multifunctionality, effectively meeting diverse application requirements such as dye adsorption, oil/water separation, and protein separation.

Conclusion and Prospect This review systematically examines functional modification strategies for fibrous separation membranes. Chemical modification enables precise regulation of membrane surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and charge characteristics, significantly enhancing separation performance while concurrently imparting anti-fouling functionality. As complements, surface roughness engineering confers specialized wetting properties that effectively improve anti-fouling capability, separation selectivity, and flux performance. Through methodical exploration, substantial performance enhancements have been achieved in critical application domains including dye adsorption, oil/water separation, and protein separation. The review suggests that focuses of future research should be placed on (i) the development of stimuli-responsive materials for adaptive interfaces that dynamically alter surface morphology or chemistry under external stimuli to enhance anti-fouling performance, environmental adaptability, and self-cleaning while reducing cleaning frequency and energy consumption; and (ii) integration of artificial intelligence, such as machine learning and deep learning, to predict membrane properties and optimize structure-performance relationships, enabling precise design of high-efficiency separation membranes.

Objective Silk based conductive gel fiber shows broad application prospects in human motion monitoring, disease diagnosis and treatment, human-computer interaction and other fields by virtue of its one-dimensional structure advantage. However, introducing carbon based conductive media to endow silk with conductive properties would reduce the transparency and mechanical ductility of the material. In order to solve the problems of opacity and poor mechanical ductility, silk fibroin (SF) and acrylamide (AAm) were employed as raw materials to fabricate silk fibroin-polyacrylamide hydrogel fibers (SAHF) for outstanding flexibility and high transparency through a combination of UV-induced polymerization and self-lubricating spinning strategies.

Method Under UV-induced conditions, AAm was polymerized into polyacrylamide (PAAm) long chains. With the crosslinking agent, PAAm and SF interacted strongly multiple hydrogen bonds and chemical crosslinking, creating a stable 3D network structure. Due to the hydrophobic interaction between the PTFE tube and the spinning solution, the gel fibers were able to self-lubricate, thereby enabling the continuous production of SAHF. Ca²⁺ and Cl^- from CaCl₂, as conductive media, formed free charge carriers. Ca²⁺ engages in electrostatic attraction and complexation with SF carboxyl and PAAm amide groups. Cl^- interacts electrostatically with SF amino groups. These integrate ions into 3D network, conferring good conductivity.

Results SAHF demonstrated good mechanical properties, particularly in terms of stretchability, achieving a maximum tensile strain of 224%. This unprecedented mechanical performance stemmed from the strong intermolecular interactions between PAAm and SF. Importantly, these molecular-level interactions not only ensured exceptional mechanical stability during operation but also provide the material with superior flexibility and strength, enabling it to maintain performance under repeated stress cycles.

From a processing perspective, SAHF demonstrated excellent manufacturability and this significantly broadens its potential applications in emerging fields such as flexible electronic circuits, smart interactive textiles, and conformable sensor arrays. Furthermore, the materials demonstrated outstanding optical transparency, maintaining 91% transmittance. This unique combination of properties makes it particularly suitable for applications where both mechanical flexibility and optical clarity are required, such as transparent wearable devices and optical-electronic hybrid systems.

Additionally, SAHF exhibited a conductivity of 0.64 mS/cm, achieved through the synergistic combination of metal ion coordination between PAAm and SF and the carefully engineered network structure. This balanced combination of mechanical and electrical properties makes it particularly valuable for next-generation flexible electronic devices. When employed as a strain sensor, the fiber demonstrates a gauge factor of 0.31, allowing for sensitive detection of minute deformations. Its dynamic performance is equally impressive, featuring a rapid response time of 21 ms and recovery time of 47 ms, which enables real-time monitoring of mechanical stimuli with high reliability. By using SAHF to monitor pH changes in the human sweat environment, a strong linear relationship and good reproducibility between pH and the relative resistance of the sensor were found in different pH ranges, demonstrating the long-term stability of the sensor under different pH conditions and providing a new technological path for the development of wearable medical devices in the future.

Conclusion The above research results indicate that SAHF has flexibility and high transparency. In practical applications, strain sensors based on SAHF exhibit excellent performance and can accurately and reliably monitor human micro movements, meeting the technical requirements of daily motion monitoring equipment. Especially in the field of joint diagnosis, this sensor has shown significant application advantages due to its excellent sensitivity and dynamic response characteristics, providing a new technological approach for the development of wearable medical devices in the future.

Objective To address the environmental and health hazards posed by hexavalent chromium (Cr(Ⅵ)) in industrial effluents, the development of an effective adsorbent capable of removing or detoxifying Cr(Ⅵ) ions is of critical importance. Current adsorbent materials exhibit limitations in removal efficiency and regeneration durability. This study focuses on synthesizing a polyvinylimine/polyacrylonitrile (PEI/PAN) composite nanofiber membrane via electrospinning technology to achieve high-performance adsorption and detoxification of Cr(Ⅵ) contaminated wastewater.

Method In this study, PEI/PAN composite nanofiber membrane was prepared by electrospinning, using polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyleneimine, for the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) in wastewater. The physical and chemical properties of nanofiber membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffrac-tion (XRD), Fourier transform IR (FT-IR) and water contact angle (WCA). In addition, the effects of acid-base value, temperature, initial concentration and time on Cr(Ⅵ) performance were analyzed by batch experiments. Finally, the adsorption behavior of nanofiber membranes was further studied according to adsorption isotherms, adsorption thermodynamics and adsorption dynamics.

Results The PEI/PAN composite nanofiber membrane exhibited a uniform fiber diameter and a smooth surface morphology, with an average diameter of 0.32 μm. The absorption peak at 2 243 cm^-1 indicated the nitrile (C══N) stretching vibration, confirming the incorporation of PAN. The peaks at 3 450 cm^-1 and 2 935 cm^-1 correspond to N—H bending and C—H stretching vibrations, respectively, while the peak at 1 734 cm^-1 is attributed to the carbonyl (O══COCH₃) stretching vibration, indicating the presence of PEI within the composite. A characteristic broad diffraction peak was observed at 2θ=17°, corresponding to the (110) crystallographic plane of PAN, along with a newly emerged and relatively broadened diffraction peak within the 20°-25° angular range. Mechanical test results indicated fracture elongation of 22.4% and fracture strength of 11.3 MPa, demonstrating superior mechanical performance. The composite nanofiber membrane exhibited a static water contact angle of 20.03°, indicating pronounced hydrophilicity. Following an evaluation of various parameters on the adsorption efficacy of the PEI/PAN composite nanofiber membrane, the findings reveal that the optimal removal efficiency occurred with a 500 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ) solution, achieving an adsorption capacity of 191.73 mg/g at 318 K and pH 3. Analysis of the adsorption isotherm, thermodynamics, and kinetics of the PEI/PAN composite nanofiber membrane reveals that the adsorption behavior aligns closely with the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating predominantly monolayer chemisorption. Thermodynamic data suggest the process is spontaneous and endothermic, with elevated temperatures favoring adsorption efficiency. Kinetic fitting corresponds to pseudo-second-order dynamics, highlighting the significant role of chemical interactions. Additionally, the membrane maintains 67.56% of its adsorption capacity after five reuse cycles, demonstrating good reusability and stability.

Conclusion PEI/PAN composite nanofiber membrane with uniform diameter and smooth surface were prepared by electrospinning. The influence of acid and base value, initial solution concentration, temperature and time on the adsorption performance was analyzed. At 318 K and pH 3, the PEI/PAN composite nanofiber membrane showed the best adsorption effect on Cr(Ⅵ), corresponding to a concentration of 191.73 mg/g. Through adsorption isotherm, adsorption thermodynamics and adsorption dynamics way to explore the PEI/PAN composite nanofiber membrane of Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption mechanism, found that the material and Langmuir model and secondary adsorption dynamics model fit is good, the whole adsorption process of chemical adsorption, and is spontaneous exothermic reaction, mainly have electrostatic attraction and redox action.

Objective Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health challenge, with deaths continuing to rise each year. Vascular transplantation is an effective means to save lives, and the development of artificial blood vessels to replace damaged blood vessels is of clinical significance. In this research, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was used as raw material, which was blended with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for hydrophilic modification, to prepare hydrophilic PET hollow fiber membrane by microfluidic dry jet wet spinning process. Its application potential in the field of small-diameter artificial blood vessels was explored.

Method PET was added to hexafluoroisopropanol to prepare a spinning solution, which also contained PVP with a mass fraction of 2% and different molecular weights. Using the principle of non-solvent phase separation, several groups of different PET hollow fiber membranes were prepared using a dry-jet wet-spinning process. The microporous structure of the synthesized PET hollow fiber membrane was examined via scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of the membrane were evaluated using a universal material testing machine. Hydrophilic performance was measured by means of a contact angle measuring instrument. Cell compatibility was characterized through cell culture experiments.

Results XPS analysis showed that PVP had been successfully incorporated into PET hollow fiber membranes to provide hydrophilic groups. The introduction of PVP improved the uneven pore structure of the PET hollow fiber membrane in cross-section, and formed a cross-sectional morphology with the coexistence of sponge-like and finger-shaped pores, and the average pore size in the cross-section gradually increased to 26.3 μm, and the uniform pore morphology was conducive to the infiltration of endothelial cells. The dynamic water contact angle of the membrane surface reduced to 38.7° after 60 s, with good hydrophilic properties, facilitateing the attachment of endothelial cells. With the increase of the molecular weight of PVP, the tensile strain of the fiber membrane exhibits an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, while the tensile stress decreased from 7 MPa to 4 MPa, indicating an improvement in the elasticity of the fiber membrane and the mechanical strength of the membrane was superior to that of natural blood vessels. The membrane surface always showed a negative charge, which was further enhanced by the negative potential of the surface after the introduction of PVP. The negative charge helped repel platelets and plasma proteins, thereby reducing thrombosis. The retention rate of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by the fibrous membrane is more than 50%. The cell activity of the PET hollow fiber membrane group supplemented with PVP was more than 200%, which was better than that of the pure PET hollow fiber membrane and the control group, and PVP enhanced the wettability of the fiber surface, optimized the cell adhesion and proliferation interface, increased the cell anchor position, and promoted the exchange of substances by regulating the fiber surface microenvironment.

Conclusion In this study, PVP and PET were mixed as spinning liquid, and hydrophilic PET hollow fiber membranes were prepared by the dry jet wet spinning process. The introduction of PVP significantly improved the cross-sectional pore structure of PET hollow fiber membrane, which changed from the combination of dense layer and chaotic finger pores to a uniform loose porous morphology, improved the structural stability of the fiber membrane, and the tensile strain is maximally increased to 9.4%. In addition, the improvement of the hydrophilic properties of the fibrous membrane are conducive to the adhesion of endothelial cells, and the electropositivity of the fibrous membrane surface and the enhancement of the electronegativity after the introduction of PVP can weaken the adsorption of negatively charged substances such as platelets and plasma proteins, and reduce the formation of thrombosis. Compared with the control group, the cell activity results were significantly improved, up to 259%, and the hydrophilic PET hollow fiber membrane prepared in this study had a simple process and uniform pores, which provided a certain reference for the development of small-diameter artificial blood vessels.

Objective In recent years, liquid metals (LMs) have exhibited unique advantages in the preparation of stretchable conductive sensing fibers due to their excellent fluidity and electrical conductivity. To address the high surface tension of liquid metals, enabling them to stably combine with elastic matrices, efforts have been made to fabricate liquid metal-based conductive sensing fibers that possess both good electrical conductivity and flexibility while preventing leakage.

Method This study utilized the carboxyl groups in sodium alginate (SA) to coordinate with gallium ions in LM, forming a core-shell structure that enhances the interfacial wettability of LM. Subsequently, a stable and homogeneous spinning solution was prepared by incorporating waterborne polyurethane (WPU), enabling the production of SA-modified WPU/LM conductive sensing fibers via wet spinning technology. The influence of LM and SA mass fractions on the viscosity of the spinning solution and the mechanical and electrical properties of the SA-modified WPU/LM conductive sensing fibers were investigated,.

Results The results revealedthe proportional relation between the mass fraction of sodium alginate and the viscosity of the spinning solution. The spinning solution prepared by ultrasonically dispersing liquid metal with a sodium alginate mass fraction of 0.1% was found suitable for spinning, and the liquid metal in the spinning solution was evenly and stably dispersed. The relative resistance of sodium alginate-modified WPU/LM conductive sensing fibers within a tensile strain range of 0%-100% and tensile frequencies of 0.5-2 Hz exhibited periodical changes. During tensile loading, the relative resistance increased and resumed to the initial value upon recovery, demonstrating good resistance stability and sensitivity. During cyclic tensile tests, the relative resistance of sodium alginate-modified WPU/LM conductive sensing fibres responded with periodic changes. The relative resistance increased under tensile loading, and it decreased back to the initial value upon recovery, and the repeatable resistance response showed a resistance response time of 248 ms. In addition, The fabrics prepared by sodium alginate modified WPU/LM conductive sensing fibers (with a sensitivity value of 1.51)exhibited good electrical signal response characteristics in the signal monitoring of human joints and wrist pulses, suggesting applicability for human health monitoring. The research results indicated that the sensor fabric is able to respond to the strain of different parts of the human body in a timely manner, and the resistance changes at the elbow joint, knuckle and knee joint showed that when the joint was flexed the resistance change rate increased, and when the joint was straightened the resistance returned to the initial value. The sensor fabrics was show to quickly detect small changes in pulse signals in different states of the human body.

Conclusion The research results reveal that the SA-modified WPU/LM conductive sensing fibers exhibit exceptional mechanical performance, achieving a tensile elongation at break of up to 650%. Within the range of 0% to 100% tensile strain, under cyclic tensile tests at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 2 Hz, the relative resistance change pattern of the conductive sensing fibers is characterized by an increase during stretching and a return to the initial value during recovery. These fibers demonstrate favorable resistance response characteristics and sensitivity, with a response time of 248 ms and a gauge factor sensitivity value of 1.51. Furthermore, they can sensitively monitor electrical signal variations associated with various human joint movements and wrist pulses under different conditions, showcasing potential applications in human health monitoring.

Objective With the rapid development of new energy industry, research on different types of various redox flow batteries has become a hot topic nowadays. Among them, iron-chromium redox flow batteries, with abundant and inexpensive raw materials such as iron ions and chromium ions as the active substances, can significantly reduce the battery manufacturing cost and have higher safety, demonstrating better prospects for industrialization and applications. The membrane is an important part of the iron-chromium redox flow batteries, not only blocking the active substances in the positive and negative electrolyte cascade, but also to providing a channel for the proton transfer in the electrolyte to balance the charge. The ideal membrane for iron-chromium flow battery is expected to have high proton conductivity, high ion selectivity, excellent electrochemical stability, low cost and other characteristics.

Method In order to reduce the cost of iron-chromium redox flow battery membranes, polyether ether ke-tone(PEEK) was modified by sulfonation, and a series of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes were obtained by modulating the sulfonation process to explore the effect of the sulfonation process on the SPEEK electrospinning. Then, MXene was introduced during the spinning process to improve the water absorption, swelling, and pore distribution of SPEEK nanofiber membranes to enhance the performance of the membranes. The battery cycling performance of MXene/SPEEK nanofiber membranes was thoroughly investigated.

Results With 25% mass fraction of spinning solution, 22 kV spinning voltage, and 1 mL/h flow rate of spinning solution, the morphology of nanofiber battery membranes appeared uniform. With prelonged the sulfonation reaction time, the degree of sulfonation was increased, while the diameter of the electrospinning fibers tended to decrease. The average diameter of the SPEEK-10 was 107.5 nm when the sulfonation reaction time reached 10 h. The water contact angles of SPEEK nanofiber battery membranes with different degrees of sulfonation were less than 90°, and all SPEEK nanofiber battery membranes showed hydrophilicity, except that the water contact angle of the SPEEK-10 was only 8.1°. The elongation at the break of the SPEEK-10 increased to approximately 135.4%, and the tensile stress was slightly higher (16.3 MPa) than that of other SPEEK nanofiber battery membranes. SPEEK-10 illustrated excellent hydrophilicity and mechanical properties, meeting the basic performance requirements as a battery membrane of iron-chromium redox flow battery. However, an increase in the swelling radio of the pure SPEEK nanofiber battery membranes after excessive water uptake destroyed the dimensional stability of the nanofiber battery membranes, resulting in an increase in ionic permeability and a decrease in battery performance. This suggests that low swelling radio should be a prerequisite for the use of high-performance iron-chromium redox flow batteries. Using the ability to form hydrogen bonds between MXene and SPEEK, the mechanical stability of the nanofiber battery membranes was increased by electrospinning with MXene doping. By adjusting the MXene doping level, the water absorption and swelling rates of the nanofiber battery membranes were optimised. When the MXene doping amount was 15%, the water uptake and swell radio of SPEEK nanofiber battery membranes were only 12.7% and 14.3%. MXene/SPEEK nanofiber battery membranes show improved physical properties. In addition, its specific surface area and pore size distribution were better than those of the pure SPEEK nanofiber battery membranes. Notably, the MXene/SPEEK-15% shows excellent performance in the cycling test of iron-chromium redox flow battery, with a Coulombic efficiency of 97.7% and an energy efficiency of over 70%.

Conclusion The prepared MXene/SPEEK nanofiber battery membranes demonstrate high hydrophilicity, ion selectivity and good mechanical properties, which satisfy the basic requirements for being used as iron-chromium redox flow battery membranes. The high conductivity and high specific surface area of MXene effectively reduced the water absorption and swelling of the SPEEK-based nanofiber battery membranes, while inhibiting the permeation of iron-chromium ions. The results show that by optimizing the sulfonation process and MXene doping, the MXene/SPEEK nanofiber battery membrane exhibits high ion selectivity and excellent electrochemical stability while maintaining high proton conductivity. This study is expected to provide a new low-cost and high-performance solution for iron-chromium redox flow battery membranes.

Objective Wearable electronics has gained popularity in daily life, yet their energy supply remains a critical challenge. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which harvest low-frequency human motion energy through contact electrification and electrostatic induction, offer a promising solution as flexible electronic textiles. However, conventional TENG fabrics suffer from high internal resistance and low power output due to limited surface charge density and interfacial impedance mismatch, failing to meet practical device requirements. Addressing these limitations by reducing internal resistance and enhancing power generation efficiency is imperative to advance TENG textiles as viable, high-performance power sources for autonomous wearable systems.

Method In this paper, a miniature pair of needle-like devices is introduced to assist air breakdown in TENG fabrics for enhanced output power. Polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)) nanofibers are electrospun as friction materials onto conductive fiber cloth electrodes using electrostatic spinning technology to prepare single-electrode flexible TENG fabrics operating in contact-separation mode. These components are precisely assembled using positioning platforms and 3D printing technology. The air-breaking device featuring a paired needle structure was systematically evaluated for both output performance and wearability when integrated with the triboelectric fabric system.

Results Through precise fabrication of tip discharge gaps (20-110 μm) using a micropositioning system, the resulting breakdown threshold voltages followed Paschen's law with measured values of 70 V (20 μm), 90 V (30 μm), 150 V (50 μm), 230 V (80 μm), and 350 V (110 μm). The integrated air-breakdown devices dramatically improved the triboelectric fabric's performance, elevating the open-circuit voltage by 170% (from 230 V to 390 V), doubling the short-circuit current (0.9 μA to 1.8 μA) and increasing transferred charge by 267% (30 nC to 110 nC), while scalability tests showed area-proportional enhancements with peak outputs reaching 532 V and 5.9 μA. The modified fabric exhibited excellent environmental stability across 40%-80% RH conditions, maintaining doubled current output compared to baseline devices, along with robust cyclic durability demonstrated by a stable 5.2 μA open-circuit current after 5 000 mechanical cycles and the ability to charge a 2 μF capacitor to 20 V within 60 s at 2 Hz operation (20% RH). Power optimization studies revealed a 33% boost in maximum load power (from 45 μW to 60 μW) coupled with a tenfold reduction in optimal load resistance (from 5×10⁸ Ω to 5×10⁷ Ω), enabling practical applications such as powering 33 serially connected LEDs and operating digital watches.

Conclusion This work develops lightweight, flexible TENG textiles with enhanced power output through strategic air breakdown engineering. By integrating micro-engineered needle pairs fabricated via precision positioning and additive manufacturing, submillimeter discharge gaps are created to concentrate electric fields, effectively lowering air ionization thresholds while maintaining compact device dimensions. This approach addresses intrinsic limitations of conventional TENG fabrics—notably high internal resistance and insufficient power density—through optimized charge transport pathways. The modified textiles demonstrate exceptional humidity resilience (40%-80% RH) and operational durability (5 000 cycles), successfully powering wearable electronics. These advancements establish a scalable framework for next-generation energy-autonomous textiles, addressing critical challenges in sustainable power supply for flexible IoT systems.

Objective To develop a cross-scale manufacturing technology that simultaneously optimizes the mechanical performance of the substrate and the construction of conductive networks, a custom-designed water-bath electrospinning apparatus was employed to fabricate cross-scale micro/nano structured composite yarns, which are expected to integrate high specific surface area with excellent mechanical properties. Through a synergistic electrostatic spraying process, conductive materials were directionally deposited to construct a conductive network, thereby enabling the preparation of stretchable strain-resistance sensing yarns applicable to motion detection, error correction, and speech recognition.

Method By integrating sheath yarns with electrospinning techniques, nanofiber membranes were deposited onto the surface of a water bath, while the self-rotation of the yarns facilitated the fabrication of nanofiber-coated yarns. During the deposition process, electrostatic spraying was simultaneously applied. Due to electrostatic repulsion, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were uniformly deposited onto the surface of the nanofibers, forming a conductive network. As the coating process progressed, CNT-adhered nanofiber-coated yarns (NFCY-CNTs) were obtained.

Results This paper introduces the one-step fabrication method for NFCY-CNTs, based on an independently developed water-bath electrospinning system, utilizing a coupled electrospinning-electrospraying technique. Experimental results demonstrated the successful construction of a multilayer structured composite yarn, where the core yarn provided mechanical support, the electrospinning process formed the nanofiber coating layer, and the electrospraying technique achieved directional deposition of a CNTs network so as to establish conductive pathways. Systematic characterization revealed that NFCY-CNTs possessed a dense and uniform nanofiber coating layer, with strong interfacial adhesion between CNTs and the fiber layer. The micro/nano structural integrity remained stable after prolonged tensile stress and washing treatments. Mechanical tests showed a synergistic reinforcement effect between the core yarn and the outer coating, with the breaking strength increasing from (1 092.8 ± 22.9) cN to (1 182.1 ± 28.0) cN, and the elongation at break improving from (577.6 ± 12.25)% to (585.3 ± 8.20)%, confirming the mechanical enhancement offered by the composite structure. The conductive network endowed the yarn with excellent strain-sensing performance, with its gauge factor exhibiting a strain-dependent graded response. Stable electrical signal output was maintained under long-term cyclic loading and the composite yarn demonstrated a consistent strain-resistance response even within small strain ranges. Experimental results verify the yarn's high sensitivity and fast response in joint motion monitoring, posture analysis, and speech vibration sensing, confirming its potential for intelligent medical monitoring, sports biomechanics assessment, and human-machine interfaces. Highlighting its potential for wearable sensing applications.

Conclusion This study proposes a one-step synergistic electrospinning-electrospraying technology for constructing NFCY-CNTs. The technique achieves uniform nanofiber coating and orderly assembly through electrospinning, which enhances the yarn's surface properties and increases the mechanical strength of the yarn. Concurrently, electrospraying facilitates directional CNT deposition to form a stable 3D conductive network, resulting in a linear resistance response over a broad strain range (0%-200%). To address interfacial instability in flexible sensing yarns, a medical elastic bandage-inspired fixation strategy was implemented to suppress yarn slippage and ensure reliable dynamic signal acquisition for more than 5 000 cycles. In summary, this fabrication strategy broadens functional yarn design via nanomaterial synergy and enables future integration of miniaturized signal processors with optimized multiscale compatibility, advancing flexible e-textiles toward wearable health monitoring applications.

Objective This study addresses the poor processability and structural inflexibility of conventional photothermal materials by integrating basalt fibers (with high photothermal efficiency) with hydrophilic cotton yarns through weaving. Three fabric structures (plain, twill, satin) were engineered to optimize solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) performance, focusing on enhancing light absorption, water transport, and vapor release. The research highlights textile-based solutions for scalable and sustainable seawater desalination, offering a cost-effective alternative to energy-intensive methods like reverse osmosis.

Method Basalt fibers (98 tex) and cotton yarns (60 tex) were woven into plain fabric (PF), twill fabric (TF), and satin fabric (SF) using a semi-automatic loom. The warp density of all three fabrics was 50 roots/(10 cm), while the weft densities were 48, 44, and 40 roots/(10 cm), respectively. The SF featured extended weft floats (0.8-1.2 mm) to maximize basalt exposure. The post-machine cleaning of fabrics involved ultrasonic treatment with ethanol and water. Key analyses encompassed surface morphology (3-D microscopy), wettability (contact angle), light absorption (UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, 200-2 400 nm), evaporation rates under simulated sunlight (1-2 kW/m²), salt resistance (3.5%-15% NaCl), and water purification efficacy (ICP analysis).

Results Satin fabric (SF) exhibited superior performance achieving 94.5% photothermal efficiency and an evaporation rate of 1.59 kg/(m²·h) under 1.0 kW/m² by continuous basalt floats, outperforming PF (1.25 kg/(m²·h)) and TF (1.32 kg/(m²·h)). SF demonstrated near-linear scalability, reaching 2.74 kg/(m²·h) at 2.0 kW/m². In 15% NaCl, SF maintained an evaporation rate of 1.34 kg/(m²·h) (15% decline vs. freshwater), with less than 5% efficiency loss after 10 h in 5% NaCl. Post-treatment seawater showed 2-4 orders of magnitude reduction in Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ concentrations, meeting standards. The condensate collection system achieved 98% salt rejection.

Conclusion Satin-woven basalt/cotton fabric represents a breakthrough in textile-based SDIE systems, synergizing light absorption, water supply, and vapor diffusion. Its structural design ensures high salt tolerance and scalability, enabling deployment in off-grid coastal regions. This work advances sustainable desalination by eliminating fossil fuel dependence and reducing costs. Future research should explore 3-D hybrid structures, integration with waste heat recovery, and real-world field validation to enhance practical applications in clean water production and renewable energy systems.

Objective Humanoid robots require highly elastic flexible materials to cover and protect joints such as the neck and shoulders. However, existing flexible covering materials for robots primarily focus on sensor-equipped electronic skins, with limited consideration of shape-conforming and stretchable knitted fabrics for this application. Whole-garment flatbed knitting technology offers advantages like seamless shaping and precise fit, in addition to the intrinsic breathability of the fabrics. This study aimed to develop highly elastic knitted fabrics for covering robot neck joints using the whole garment knitting technology.

Method The multi-degree-freedom movement range and motion patterns of robot neck joints were analyzed to identify the need for high longitudinal elasticity and extensibility in the fabric. A design strategy combining elastic yarns (polyester/polyurethane fiber covered yarns) with purl stitch was adopted to achieve these properties. Based on the neck's 3-D curved shape and attachment requirements, a parameterized structural model for the covering was established. The fabric was integrally knitted on a Shima Seiki MACH2X four-bed flat knitting machine with optimized processing parameters. Post-heat-setting tensile tests were conducted on purl and plain knit fabric samples.

Results A seamless 3-D knitted fabric for neck joint coverage was successfully produced, showing smooth aesthetics and excellent elasticity. Both purl and plain knit samples exhibited tensile breaking strengths exceeding 500 N, breaking elongations over 200%, elastic recovery rates above 80% after three cycles, and plastic deformation rates was below 15%. Under 50 N load, purl-knit samples demonstrated greater longitudinal and transverse extensions than plain knits, with elongations exceeding 120% elongation rate in both directions.

Conclusion This study presents an innovative structural design and development method for high-elasticity whole-garment neck coverings. By integrating elastic yarns, stitch structures, and flatbed whole-garment knitting technology, the developed fabric achieves superior elasticity and shape adaptability. The approach provides new insights for creating seamless, stretchable robotic coverings, demonstrating the potential of knitted textiles in functional robotic applications.

Objective The changes in human skin temperature can indirectly reflect the functional status of the circulatory system, nervous system, or local tissues. At present, sensors that can monitor human temperature signals are mainly divided into non-fabric type and fabric type. Non-fabric temperature sensors have problems such as poor comfort and fit, limited wearability, insufficient environmental adaptability, and high cost. Therefore, fabric based temperature sensors have become a hot research topic. This study aims to optimize the design of knitted flexible temperature sensors for monitoring human skin temperature during wearing. Additionally, the influence of wearing factors (e.g., body surface curvature, wearing pressure, and outer clothing layers) on the linearity and sensitivity of the sensors is investigated to enhance the understanding for their design and applications.

Method By using silver-plated polyamide yarn and jacquard plating technology, an orthogonal experimental design is employed to analyze the relationships between yarn linear density, fabric structure, plating rows/columns, and the sensing performance of knitted temperature sensors. Silver-plated polyamide yarn (with linear densities of 77.78, 111.11, and 155.56 dtex) and jacquard plating technology are used to fabricate 16 knitted sensor samples with 1+1, 1+2 and 2+2 rib structures, varying plating rows (6,12, 18, 24) and columns (24, 36, 48, 60). A orthogonal experiment is conducted to test static resistance, linearity, sensitivity and stability. Wearing simulations involve measuring sensors on curved surfaces (scapula convex and lumbar concave areas), applying pressures (1.175 1-3.1 751 kPa), and adding 1-3 outer clothing layers.

Results The static resistance is within 26.872 Ω, negatively correlating with fabric grammage and plating rows, but positively with thickness. Linearity improves with increased thickness (quadratic fit, R²=0.611) and plating rows (logarithmic fit, R²=0.412). Sensitivity is positively related to yarn linear density and plating rows, described by a multiple linear regression (R²=0.617). The optimal parameters are 155.56 dtex yarn, 1+2 rib structure, 24 plating rows/columns, with static resistance of 2.813 Ω, linearity of 99.57%, sensitivity of 0.014 4 ℃^-1, and stability of 1.79%. Wearing experiments show that linearity and sensitivity decrease at the sunken lumbar region due to contact gaps, while increasing at the convex scapular region due to close contact. Increasing wearing pressure and outer fabric layers can improve sensor linearity and sensitivity.

Conclusion This study establishes quantitative relationships between process parameters and sensing performance, providing optimal design guidelines for knitted temperature sensors. Findings highlight multi-factor (synergy of yarn, structure, plating) significantly affects sensor performance, surpassing single-factor analyses in prior studies. Innovative consideration of wearing dynamics reveals body curvature, pressure, outer clothing layers are critical for practical use. These results enable development of wearable sensors with enhanced adaptability to human physiology and clothing environments, offering foundation for intelligent health-monitoring textiles. Future work is expected to explore dynamic motion effects and long-term durability under repeated wearing.

Objective Although powdered natural indigo is convenient for storage and transportation, it readily forms soft agglomerates in aqueous media due to electrostatic adsorption during dyeing. These aggregates are difficult to disperse by stirring, leading to low dye utilization, dust generation, and excessive wastewater in industrial production. Preparing liquid indigo dyes offers a promising solution by reducing particle size, enhancing reduction efficiency and dye uptake, and eliminating dust at its source.

Method A dispersion was prepared by mixing 30 g of vegetable indigo, 3 g of abrasive MF-2000A, 0.9 g of viscosity modifier Z5, and 63.1 g of water, followed by stirring at 600-700 r/min for 15 min. The mixture was transferred into a custom grinder, combined with 100-150 g of zirconium beads, and ground at 1 700-1 900 r/min. Particle size was monitored every 30 min with adjustments in grinding speed, and grinding was terminated once particle size plateaued. The resulting suspension was filtered through silk crepe de chine to achieve a 30% liquid indigo dye. The dipping process for dyeing cotton fabrics with 10 g/L liquid indigo was then optimized via single-factor experiments at a fixed dyeing temperature of 60 ℃ and subsequent steaming at 102 ℃ for 30 s. Finally, cotton fabrics dyed with 5-25 g/L liquid or powdered indigo were evaluated and compared in terms of K/S, L^*, a^*, b^* values, rubbing and soaping fastness, as well as UV protection and antibacterial performance.

Results After grinding, the liquid indigo dye exhibited an average particle size of 543 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.01, which only increased to 656 nm after six months of storage, indicating excellent stability. Upon 50 000-fold dilution and 24 h storage, the absorbance change was merely 3.2%. MF-2000A facilitated ultrafine dispersion by preventing particle re-aggregation, while Z5 coated suspended particles to reduce interparticle friction and inhibiting sedimentation. The viscosity of the liquid dye decreased rapidly with increasing shear rate or temperature, consistent with pseudoplastic fluid behavior. In optimized conditions (10 g/L liquid indigo, 3 g/L NaOH, 12 g/L sodium hydrosulfite, 15 min reduction, six dips), the K/S value reached 15.61. The dyed fabrics achieved rubbing fastness of more than 3, soaping fastness of more than 3, UVA transmittance of 1.07, UVB transmittance of 1.15, and an ultraviolet protection factor of 90.19. Additionally, the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli increased to 70%. Compared with powdered indigo, liquid indigo improved K/S values of cotton fabrics by 6.6%-49.3% across 5-25 g/L dye concentrations. This improvement arises from the finer particle size and absence of agglomeration, which enhance dye reduction and fabric wettability, while powdered dyes form agglomerates through van der Waals and hydrogen bonding interactions, reducing their effective surface area and diminishing reduction efficiency.

Conclusion The prepared liquid indigo dye demonstrated excellent storage stability, pseudoplastic rheology, and superior dyeing performance compared with powdered indigo. The optimal process parameters were a dye/NaOH/sodium hydrosulfite ratio of 1∶1∶4, a 15 min pre-reduction time, and six dipping cycles. At 10 g/L, liquid indigo increased the K/S value of dyed cotton fabrics by 49.3% relative to powdered indigo, while also imparting strong UV protection and moderate antibacterial activity.

Objective Dyes are indispensable in the textile industry, and a large amount of dyes are consumed every year. In view of the problem that acid dyes synthesized with aromatic amines are banned due to carcinogenicity, it is of great importance to study for more eco-friendly and safer synthetic dyes. Novel anthraquinone acid dyes were prepared in this research by using bio-based amines and bromamine acid as raw materials, and their performance in wool dyeing was tested, aiming to obtain a dye containing a bio-based moieties.

Method Bio-based amines like L-lysine, 1,5-diaminopentane (decarboxylated from L-lysine), and 2-furanmethylamine were used to synthesize three acid dyes with bromamine acid by the Ullmann reaction. Their structural characterizations were carried out using ¹H NMR spectra, ¹³C NMR spectra and FT-IR spectra. The dyeing properties of these dyes on wool fabrics were investigated using a UV-vis spectrophotometer and a color measurement instrument. Their dyeing performance was compared with Acid Blue 25, a dye that is commercially available. Dyeing kinetics and adsorption isotherms models of these novel dyes were also examined.

Results The structure of the three novel anthraquinone acid dyes (D1-D3) containing bio-based components was confirmed by ¹H NMR,¹³C NMR spectra and FT-IR spectra. The maximum absorption wavelengths (λ_max) of the three dyes were 584, 594, and 540 nm, separately. When the wool fabric was dyed at pH 6 and 98 ℃ without any leveling agent, the dye-uptake was high, with 96.5% for D1, 83.3% for D2, 97.5% for D3, and 97.1% for Acid Blue 25, and the dye-uptake of D1 and D3 were close to that of Acid Blue 25. The half-dyeing time (t_1/2) was 9.5 min for D1, 18 min for D2, and 8.5 min for D3, which was shorter than that of the Acid Blue 25 (25.6 min), indicating that the three bio-based acid dyes had faster dyeing rates. The standard deviation and substantivity values of D3 were 0.37 and 1 922.2, which were the best among the synthesized acid dyes and significantly better than those of Acid Blue 25, suggesting D3 had good leveling properties and substantivity. D1 and D2 exhibited σ and K values similar to Acid Blue 25, implying analogous leveling properties and substantivity. The K/S value increased from 4.2 to 25.2 for D1 dyed wool fabrics, from 7.8 to 36 for D2 dyed fabrics, and from 3.6 to 24.6 for D3 dyed fabrics, when the dye concentration increased from 0.5%(o.w.f) to 4%(o.w.f), and this signified D1-D3 had great build-up properties. The results of adsorption isotherms showed that the adsorption of D1-D3 on wool fabrics conformed to the monolayer adsorption characteristics and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption processes of the three dyes were consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with determination coefficients (R²) all above 0.997. In terms of color fastness, washing fastness and rubbing fastness were above grade 3, and light fastness was above grade 6.

Conclusion In summary, three novel anthraquinone acid dyes were synthesized and characterized. The dyeing rate of these synthetic acid dyes was high and had a high exhaustion rate. The dyes containing bio-based components had good build-up properties, leveling properties, substantivity. The dyeing properties of D1-D3 were not weaker than the commercial Acid Blue 25 dye. The adsorption of dyes on wool conforms to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was favorable to describe the wool dyeing of the three dyes compared to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. In terms of color fastness, the color fastness to washing and rubbing of dye D1-D3 were above grade 3, and the color fastness to light was above grade 6.

Objective Digital inkjet printing technology has the advantages of low energy consumption and less sewage discharge, which is a new way to solve the problems of high water consumption, high energy consumption, and high pollution in the printing and dyeing industry. Carbon black (CB) is the key pigment of printing inks, but CB is easy to agglomerates and cannot be dispersed in aqueous media. Improving the dispersion stability of CB in water is a difficult and hot topic in the field of digital inkjet printing. To solve the above problems, we synthesized reactive polymer encapsulated CB latex inks, to meet the demand for printing inks with environmental considerations.

Method Polyacrylate encapsulated CB latexes with varying glycidyl methacrylate (GlyMA) contents were synthesized by sulfur-free reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SF-RAFT) polymerization without surfactant on the CB particle surface, and their particle size, Zeta potential, apparent morphology and thermal stability were tested. Subsequently, CB latexes were prepared into inks, with their thermal stability and storage stability tested. The CB latex inks were used for digital inkjet printing of polyester/cotton blended fabrics, and the printed fabrics were characterized for morphology, color performance, hand feel and color fastness.

Results The optimum CB color paste milling conditions were found to be 30% allyloxy polyoxyethylene (10) nonyl ammonium sulfate (DNS-86) of the pigment's mass fraction and 5 h milling, yielding small particles, with an average and maximum particle size of 52.0 nm and 121.8 nm, respectively. The reactive P(methyl methacrylate-co-DNS-86)-b-P(benzyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate-co-GlyMA [P(MMA-co-DNS-86)-b-P(BzMA-co-BA-co-GlyMA)]/CB latexes were successfully synthesized by in situ polymerization on the CB particle surfaces after milling, and the color fastness of inkjet printing fabric was adjusted by changing the mass fraction of GlyMA. It was found that the average and maximum particle size of CB latex (5% GlyMA) were 107.9 nm and 396 nm, respectively, and the Zeta potential was -53.14 mV, indicating that the CB latex displayed excellent dispersion with high stability. In addition, TEM images showed that the CB latex had a typical core-shell structure, with small and well dispersed particles, consistent with the size data. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) curve of CB latex revealed the number average molecular weight (M_n) was 38 426 g/mol, the polymer dispersibility index was 1.83, and a single-peak distribution, suggesting good polymerization control in preparing reactive polymer encapsulated CB latexes. The viscosity, conductivity and surface tension of the CB latexes were modulated using 10% glycerol and 0.02% 104e to prepare CB latex inkjet printing inks. After a 5-day thermal stability test at 60 ℃, the average particle size of CB color paste inks increased by 85.1% from 82.8 nm to 153.3 nm, and that of reactive polymer encapsulated CB latex inks increased by 29.5% from 107.9 nm to 139.8 nm, with the increase rate 59.2% lower than that of the former. The prepared reactive polymer encapsulated CB latex inks were directly inkjet printed on polyester/cotton blended fabric without pre-treatment and post-washing. When the mass fraction of GlyMA was 5%, the dry/wet rubbing and washing fastness of the inkjet printing fabric reached levels 4-5, 4 and 5. However, it was noted that the stiffness was increased by 23.0%, and the air permeability was reduced by 21.5% compared with the original fabric.

Conclusion In this research, reactive P(MMA-co-DNS-86)-b-P(BzMA-co-BA-co-GlyMA)/CB latexes with GlyMA of different mass fraction were synthesized and prepared as inks for inkjet printing of polyester/cotton blended fabrics. The CB latex inks were directly inkjet printing onto the polyester/cotton blended fabrics without pre-treatment and post-washing. When the mass fraction of GlyMA was 5%, inkjet printing fabrics dry/wet rubbing and washing color fastness reached levels 4-5, 4 and 5, compared with the original fabrics, stiffness increased by 23.0%, air permeability reduced by 21.5%. This inkjet printing process has a short process and meets the demand for green and low-carbon development in textile printing and dyeing.

Objective The discharge of dyeing effluents presents a serious environmental challenge. The release of dye wastewater generated by the textile industry is considered to be the major sources of water pollution. Dyes pose significant obstacles for conventional treatment methods due to their remarkable photolytic stability and resistance to microbial degradation. Moreover, the majority of dyes, along with their degradation byproducts, exhibit toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and allergenic properties that pose significant risks to human health. Consequently, there exists an urgent demand for effective strategies aiming at the removal of dyes from wastewater.

Method Amine-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized for the immobilization of laccase, aiming at enhancing the efficient degradation of dyes. The morphology, structure, magnetic properties, and surface characteristics of the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The activity assays of laccase, including optimal temperature and pH conditions, thermostability, pH stability, tolerance to metal ions and organic solvents, resistance to inhibitors, and recyclability of the immobilized laccase, were systematically investigated. Additionally, the degradation kinetics and reusability concerning dyes were also evaluated.

Results TEM images revealed that the synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited a spherical morphology, with a size range of 110-130 nm. XRD analysis confirmed that the resultant product displayed a cubic crystalline structure characteristic of Fe₃O₄. FT-IR spectra illustrated the presence of abundant amide groups on the surface of these nanoparticles. Magnetic measurements demonstrated that the prepared material possessed ferromagnetic properties, exhibiting a saturation magnetization of 42.3 emu/g. The Bradford protein assay indicated that approximately 3.1 mg of laccase was loaded per gram onto the amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The optimal temperature for both immobilized laccase and free laccase was 50 ℃, the former however exhibited a broader temperature distribution range compared to its free counterpart. The optimal pH for immobilized laccase was 3.0, representing a shift of 1.5 towards acidity when contrasted with the free laccase. After undergoing treatment at 60 ℃ for 10 h, the immobilized laccase retained 71.3% of its initial activity, demonstrating an enhancement of 14.4% over that of the free laccase. Moreover, the pH stability of immobilized laccase showed increased resistance to organic solvents, metal ions, and inhibitors in comparison to its free enzyme counterpart. The immobilized laccase maintained remarkable reusability, preserving 59.3% of its initial activity even after 10 cycles of reuse. Furthermore, the immobilized laccase showcased exceptional efficacy in treating dye wastewater, achieving degradation rates between 81.6% and 98.8% for triphenylmethane, azo, and anthraquinone dyes. The degradation of dyes by the immobilized laccase was a relatively swift process. The initial 30 min interval performed 79.1% to 97.9% of the total degradation achieved. Subsequently, within the span of 60 min, the maximum degradation rate was gradually attained. Additionally, after undergoing 10 consecutive degradation cycles, the efficiency level was kept in the range from 62.2% to 90.5%, underscoring its potential as an effective strategy for biodegrading dye effluents.

Conclusion An innovative method for the synthesis of amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles has been developed, positioning them as magnetic carriers for laccase immobilization. These magnetic nanoparticles have been thoroughly characterized, demonstrating their promising applicability in studies focused on laccase immobilization. The amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄, can be easily separated using an external magnet and exhibits a straightforward immobilization process along with remarkable loading capacity and catalytic activity for the immobilized laccase. The immobilized laccase demonstrated to possess excellent reusability and enhanced thermal and pH stability, and remarkable organic compounds, inhibitors and metal ions tolerance. Additionally, the immobilized laccase showcases effective and sustainable degradation capabilities for high concentrations of dyes. This highlights the exceptional potential of immobilized laccase in addressing textile wastewater treatment within practical applications.

Objective Cotton fabrics, despite their comfort and versatility, inherently suffer from rapid bacterial proliferation, leading to unpleasant odor, discoloration, and potential health risks, especially in close-to-skin applications. Simultaneously, their inherent high flammability poses significant safety concerns, limiting wider adoption in protective clothing and furnishings. To address these widespread issues, this research aimed to achieve a dual-functional antimicrobial and flame-retardant finishing using natural bio-polymers. The approach leverages the synergistic effect of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) through esterification and Schiff base reactions to graft these biopolymers onto the cotton matrix.

Method Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) was used to finish cotton fabrics via a pad-dry-cure process to impart antimicrobial properties. Oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) was subsequently grafted onto the CMC-finished fabrics through Schiff base reaction to confer flame retardancy. The influence of hydrochloric acid concentration and temperature during the antimicrobial finishing process, and the OSA concentration and temperature during the flame-retardant finishing process were evaluated. The orthogonal experimental design was employed to optimize finishing parameters by assessing the primary factors governing the antibacterial and flame-retardant performance of the finished cotton textiles. This systematic approach effectively identified optimal treatment conditions, minimizing experimental runs. The treated cotton fabrics were characterized using various analytical techniques. SEM was utilized for surface morphology and deposition confirmation. A fabric flame retardancy tester evaluated the flame-retardant effect, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analyzed the thermal decomposition behavior and char formation. Mechanical properties (bending rigidity, bursting strength) and air permeability were assessed for comfort and durability.

Results Optimal antimicrobial treatment was achieved with a hydrochloric acid concentration of 0.3 mol/L at 70 ℃. Flame-retardant performance was maximized using 1% OSA at 80 ℃. Under these optimized conditions, the treated cotton fabrics demonstrated an antibacterial efficacy exceeding 99% against Escherichia coli. The horizontal burning rate of the treated fabrics was significantly decreased compared to the untreated control, with minimal impact on bursting strength and bending rigidity. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed an elevation in the initial decomposition temperature of the treated fabrics from 260 ℃ to 277 ℃, and an increase in char residue from 6.5% to 14.3%. The orthogonal experiment revealed that the horizontal burning rate of CMC-OSA treated cotton fabrics was reduced by nearly 50%, which enhanced the thermal stability of the fabrics to some extent while preserving good softness. However, the breathability of the treated fabrics was somewhat diminished.

Conclusion This study successfully demonstrated a synergistic approach to impart both antimicrobial and flame-retardant functionalities to cotton textiles utilizing the biopolymers CMC and OSA. Esterification and Schiff base reactions facilitated the effective grafting of the biopolymers, resulting in a durable, dual-functional textile. The optimized processes offer a sustainable and efficient strategy for producing multi-functional textiles. While a modest reduction in air permeability and bursting strength were observed in the finished textiles, these properties remained within acceptable performance thresholds. Future research should focus on elucidating the synergistic mechanism of CMC/OSA, further optimizing the process to improve both antimicrobial and flame-retardant performance while addressing the reduction in fabric mechanical properties and air permeability. Durability assessments tailored to specific application scenarios are also warranted to develop environmentally friendly, functionally finished cotton textiles with practical value.

Objective Most of the smart wearable products are used as accessories, which limits their application and popularity. In this study, cotton fabrics were used as the substrate, modified by silane coupling agent KH-560, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were used as conductive materials to engineer rGO/CuNPs/cotton fabric(CF) flexible sensors with both conductivity and wearing comfort by impregnation method and in-situ reduction method.

Method The microscopic morphology and elemental distribution of the sample were observed using scanning electron micro-scope (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The surface elements and compounds of the samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectro-scopy(XPS). The surface functional groups of the sample were tested by Fourier transform infrared spectro-scopy(FT-IR). Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the degree of defects and carbonization of conductive materials. The modified fabric was evaluated using an electronic testing equipment for the resistance changes of the fabric when stretched at different rates and different strains. Cyclic stability and maximum tensile sensing range of the fabric sensor were analyzed. The fabric sensors were fixed at joints, the resistance changes were recorded during motion to explore the sensing and motion-monitoring capabilities.

Results The XPS spectrum of rGO/CuNPs/CF and the XPS spectra of C1s, Cu2p and O1s were analyzed, and the results showed that the GO nanosheets coated on the surface of cotton fabrics were converted into rGO during the reduction process, and the surface defects were reduced, turning Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺. The FT-IR of CF and rGO/CuNPs/CF results showed that the oxygen-containing groups of the fabric decreased or even disappeared after the reduction, further indicating the reduction of GO. The Raman spectra of GO/CF, rGO/CF and rGO/CuNPs/CF results indicated that the supported CuNPs could have a synergistic effect with graphene, and the metal particles were dispersed between the graphene sheets, filling the structural defects on the surface of graphene, preventing graphene agglomeration, and helping to form a complete and continuous conductive network. The tensile resistance of the sensor was tested at strains of 5%, 10% and 15%, tensile rates of 10, 20, 30 and 50 mm/min, and with 6 cycles and 100 cycles. The test results showed that the range of fabric resistance increases with the increase of strain, and the response time becomes faster with the increase of tensile speed, and the resistance of the fabric does not change significantly after 100 stretching cycles. The results also showed that the resistance resumed to the vicinity of the initial resistance value after the external force was removed. The prepared rGO/CuNPs/CF flexible cotton fabric sensors were attached to human joints to test the resistance changes of the conductive fabrics during movement, and the results illustrated that the range of resistance change of the fabric sensors increased with the increase of action amplitude, suggesting that the rGO/CuNPs/CF flexible sensor can be used to perceive the movement behavior of the human body, and can intuitively distinguish the frequency and amplitude of human movement.

Conclusion rGO and CuNPs are loaded onto cotton fabric via the impregnation method and in-situ reduction method, and the rGO/CuNPs/CF conductive fabric with strain-sensing performance is successfully fabricated. The rGO/CuNPs/CF flexible sensor possesses good washing resistance, and exhibits excellent responsiveness as well as cyclic stability when subjected to external tensile force. It can perform the monitoring of human joint movements, and is expected to be applied in fields such as motion tracking, health monitoring, and smart clothing. This study provides a reference for the development of flexible sensors with simple and economical processes as well as excellent performance, and broadens the application scope of flexible conductive cotton fabrics.

Objective Low temperature working environments significantly increase the risk of hand frostbite and effective hand protection is crucial for maintaining both operational efficiency and personal safety. Current cold protection gloves, however, fail to account for the varying cold sensitivity across different hand regions, limiting their precision in thermal protection. To enhance protection while ensuring work efficiency and safety, this study segmented the hand into 11 anatomical zones based on vascular distribution and conducted localized cold sensitivity tests.

Method Eight healthy male adults participated the hand cold sensitivity experiment. The experiment was conducted in an environment of -10 ℃, no wind, and 30% relative humidity and lasted for 21 min. During the experiment, an infrared imaging device was used to capture thermal images of both hands which maintained an upright position in a natural, motionless state. Besides, the eight participants were asked from time to time for their subjective thermal sensation of the 11 zones based on the 7-point evaluation method. The cold sensitivity at the 11 zones were calculated by dividing the variation of thermal sensation with the variation of skin temperature.

Results Skin temperature experienced a sudden drop within the first minute of exposure to the low-temperature environment, with the temperatures at the upper ends of the little finger, ring finger, index finger and middle finger dropping sharply to 15.3 ℃, 16.7 ℃, 16.4 ℃, 16.8 ℃ and 16.9 ℃, respectively, while the skin temperature decreased slowly from the 1st to 12th min and stabilized from the 12th to 21th min. Skin temperatures across all regions gradually balanced out, and heat loss was stabilized. The thermal sensation votes for each part showed a downward trend over time. The cold sensation rapidly increased within the first three minutes. During this stage, the lowest thermal sensation vote for the hand was at the upper end of the little finger, while the highest vote changed dynamically over time. The highest thermal sensation vote was the thumb after the first minute of exposure, and it changed to the lower end of the ring finger after 2 min of exposure, and further to the inner side of the back of the hand after 3 min of exposure. From the 3rd to 15th minute, the decrease of the thermal sensation vote slowed down. During this phase, the lowest local thermal sensation vote was at the upper end of the little finger. From 3 to 9 min, the highest score was on the inner side of the hand back; from 9 to 15 min, it shifted to the thumb. From 15 to 21 min, the thermal sensation votes gradually stabilized, with the lowest local thermal sensation vote on the hand shifting from the upper end of the little finger to the lower end of the ring finger, and the highest score remaining at the thumb. It revealed distinct spatiotemporal variations in skin temperature and thermal sensation vote. Hand cold sensitivity progressively rose during cold exposure, surpassing 0.40 after 9 min. Cold sensitivity at inner dorsum declined slowly, stabilizing at 0.22 after 9 min, whereas the cold sensitivity at outer dorsum initially increased before decreasing to 0.17 at the 9-minute mark. By averaging the results across the exposure period, the hand was classified into three cold sensitivity areas, i.e., high (>0.4: distal phalanges of index, middle, ring, and little fingers), medium (0.3-0.4: proximal phalanges of the same fingers), and low (<0.3: thumb, inner and outer dorsum).

Conclusion Based on these findings, an optimized glove design was proposed. At the high-sensitivity area, multilayers of thermal insulation materials were integrated, while at the low-sensitivity area, lightweight and breathable fabrics were used. The optimized glove managed to elevate the average skin temperature of the hand by 4.29 ℃ and significantly increased the thermal sensation vote by 1.3 points on average, with no impairment to manual dexterity observed. These findings enriched the theory of thermal-physiological and psychological responses in extreme environments, offering guidance for cold-protection equipment design, demonstrating practical applicability for improving both safety and work efficiency in cold-environment operations. This study has certain limitations in terms of experimental design. The participants lack diversity in terms of gender, age, and physical condition, which may limit the generalizability of the results. The experimental environment of -10 ℃, no wind, 30% relative humidity is not representative of the complex and variable low-temperature conditions encountered in real-world scenarios. The experimental process employed static testing methods, with participants maintaining a relatively fixed posture throughout the cold exposure period, failing to adequately simulate the critical influence of hand movements on experimental outcomes in real-world conditions.

Objective To address the inaccuracy in clothing personalization systems resulting from the neglect of body type factors, this study proposes a comprehensive dress evaluation model that integrates anthropometric characteristics and design element interactions. The model aims to enhance recommendation accuracy through the quantification of body-type-specific preferences and the analysis of their interactions.

Method Five female body types (inverted-triangle, rectangular, triangular, hourglass, and oval) were identified using virtual fitting technology combined with anthropometric classification. Key dress design elements, namely silhouette, fit, waist position and dress length, were extracted through morphological analysis. Experimental samples combining body types with design variations were generated, and subjective evaluations were collected through two scenario-based experiments. Multivariate repeated-measures ANOVA was applied to analyze the influence of body type on preference patterns, with interaction effects quantified using effect size and correction values. A comprehensive evaluation model was constructed by integrating feature weights, preference scores, and interaction adjustments.

Results The study used a multifactorial repeated-measures ANOVA to assess consumer preferences for dress design attributes. The results revealed significant main effects for both silhouette and fit; silhouette exhibited the largest effect size, and all two-way interactions were significant despite their relatively small effect sizes. The average preference score across all combinations was 2.81. The X-tight combination received the highest score (3.68), while the Y-loose combination scored the lowest (2.14). The line chart revealed considerable variation in ratings across silhouettes compared to the relative stability observed across fit levels, indicating silhouette's substantial impact on consumer preference. For silhouettes, consumers consistently preferred X-line and A-line, while fitted styles were preferred in terms of fit. Body type also influenced consumer preferences, with rectangular types showing the greatest sensitivity to changes in silhouette, and inverted-triangle types being the most responsive to fit.

The multifactorial repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for waist position, a significant two-way interaction between dress length and body type, and a significant three-way interaction among waist position, dress length, and body type. The overall mean rating across all combinations was 3.19. Among all combinations, dresses with mid-waist and mid-length received the highest rating (3.30), whereas high-waist, short-length dresses received the lowest (3.03). Mid-waist designs were consistently preferred over high-waist designs across all body types. However, dress length preferences varied significantly: inverted-triangle types favored shorter lengths, while oval and triangle types preferred medium lengths. Although variations in waist position or dress length resulted in only slight differences within a single body type, the same combination of waist position and length received significantly different scores across different body types.

The interaction effect between silhouette and fit was significantly moderated by body type. A complex three-way interaction among waist position, dress length, and body type led to significant differences in composite scores. Different body types demonstrated significantly different prioritization of style elements, including silhouette, fit, waist position, and dress length. To quantify these differences, feature weights were used to represent the relative importance of specific style element categories for each body type. To measure the deviation between actual composite scores and theoretical scores caused by interaction effects, an interaction adjustment value was introduced. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation model that considers individual body type characteristics is necessary to provide tailored clothing style recommendations for consumers.

Conclusion Body type significantly influences the interaction between silhouette and garment fit. A complex three-way interaction exists among waist position, dress length, and body type, resulting in notable differentiation in composite scores. These findings confirm the necessity of incorporating body-type-specific parameters in predictive models to account for attribute interactions. Model validation demonstrated 72.3% average alignment between predicted and observed preferences through weighted calculations and interaction adjustments. This research establishes quantitative relationships between anthropometric characteristics and design preference patterns, providing a methodological framework applicable to other apparel categories. Statistical evidence supports the inclusion of interaction modifiers and body-specific weights in fashion data analysis systems to enhance predictive accuracy.

Objective Addressing the issues of low efficiency, high subjectivity and unstable accuracy of traditional size measurement methods in the apparel industry, as well as the high cost and complex operation of existing three-dimensional measurement devices that hinder widespread adoption, this paper proposes an automatic measurement method for women's trousers that integrates machine vision with the YOLO11 deep learning model. The approach aims to achieve non-contact precision measurement of key sizes of women's trousers, thereby advancing digital and intelligent transformation in garment size inspection, while providing a robust technological solution for automated quality control in the apparel industry.

Method The measurement system comprised hardware and software components, where the hardware employed devices for image acquisition and the software performed size measurement. A dataset comprising 2000 images of women's trousers was constructed for the experiment. After image preprocessing, image annotation and format conversion, YOLO11n-pose pose estimation model was used to detect key points. The pixel coordinates of the detected key points were converted from the pixel distance to the actual physical distance using Zhang's camera calibration method, enabling calculation of sizes for five target regions. Three different women's trousers were selected to compare the automatic measurement results with the manual measurement results, and the accuracy of the measurement was evaluated by absolute error and relative error.

Results The experiment used the YOLO11n-pose key point detection model to train on a self-built dataset of women's trousers. Experimental results demonstrated a gradual decrease and eventual stabilization of the overall loss value, indicating good fitting performance. As training epochs increased, the model's precision, recall, and mAP(mean Average Precision) values gradually rose and became stabilized, indicating improved model performance with convergence. Specifically, the model achieved 100% precision and recall, with mAP50 and mAP50-95 reaching precision of 99.5% and 99.3% respectively. From the detection results, it was seen that the model acquired the ability to effectively detect key measurement points of women's trousers through learning a large amount of labeled data, providing reliable support for subsequent size measurement. In the camera calibration section, calibration plates were created and images of the calibration plates were captured to determine the pixel equivalent. The average reprojection error after calibration was 0.070 549 pixels, indicating high-precision calibration that meets experimental requirements. The pixel equivalent was ultimately calculated to be 0.298 913 mm/pixel. After converting pixel distances to actual physical distances, the sizes of women's trousers were calculated based on the vertical and horizontal Euclidean distances between two key positioning points. Three pairs of women's trousers were selected for comparing the automatic measurements with the manual measurements. The evaluation criteria selected were the absolute error and relative error. The average absolute errors between the measured and the actual sizes of the five measurement locations on the three pairs of women's trousers were calculated to be 5.45 mm, 5.89 mm, 1.27 mm, 2.35 mm, and 6.26 mm, respectively. The average relative errors were 0.82%, 0.61%, 0.58%, 0.64%, and 0.64%, respectively. The measurement results were found to comply with the industry standard requirements, indicating that the automatic measurement method for women's trouser sizes proposed in this experiment, based on machine vision and deep learning, has high accuracy and reliability.

Conclusion This study combines machine vision, automatic measurement system design, and the lightweight deep learning algorithm YOLO11n-pose to achieve non-contact precise measurement of key sizes of women's trousers. Experimental results show that the system's measurement error for women's trousers is consistently within the industry's acceptable range, validating the feasibility of this method in actual production. From an application perspective, this system breaks through the bottleneck of traditional manual measurement, providing apparel companies with an automated and standardized size inspection solution. In the future, the measurement robustness can be further improved, and the deep application of machine vision technology in size inspection across all apparel categories can be explored to drive the digital transformation of size measurement processes within the apparel industry.

Objective The separating roller gear transmission mechanism in most combing machine consists of differential wheel system and spur gear system, with spur gear system as its main input. With the increase of combing machine speed, under the influence of time-varying parameters (backlash and pressure angle) of spur gear system, its vibration and noise would also increase, resulting in the reduction of stability and precision of the transmission mechanism, which in turn leads to the increase of vibration of the combing machine. Therefore, in order to reduce the vibration of the combing machine, it is necessary to study the effect of the initial backlash of the driving spur gear of the separating roller differential wheel system on the vibration and noise of the system.

Method First, by analysing existing separated roller gear transmission mechanisms, a dynamic model of the spur gear system was established using the concentrated mass method. Based on Newton's second law, its dynamic differential equations were derived, yielding a backlash vibration model that relates initial backlash, vehicle speed, and vibration. Subsequently, the backlash vibration model was solved using the Runge-Kutta method. The accuracy of the relationship model was verified experimentally using a laser vibrometer, with varying carriage speeds and initial backlash as variables. Finally, analysis of the relationship model and experimental results determined the optimal initial backlash corresponding to the minimum vibration displacement at each speed for carding machines operating between 450 and 550 strokes per minute. This resolves the requirement for matching straight gear initial installation backlash to different carding machine speeds to achieve minimal vibration.

Results Firstly, to address the issue of exacerbated precision machinery vibration caused by mismatched initial backlash adjustment and vehicle speed in hybrid drive mechanisms. Considering the impact of initial backlash on vibration and noise within spur gear systems, a dynamic model was derived for the spur gear system using Newton's second law. The resulting differential equations for spur gear dynamics enable optimisation of the relationship between initial backlash, vehicle speed, and vibration.Secondly, with the fixed spur gear initial backlash set at b₀ = 50 μm, the cutting speed was varied in increments of 10 cuts per minute from 300 to 550 cuts per minute. The vibration displacement was measured and recorded at different cutting speeds. With the combing machine speed fixed at 550 strokes per minute, the initial backlash b₀ was varied in increments of 5 μm within the range of 5-50 μm. Vibration displacement data was calculated and collected for different initial backlash values. By comparing theoretical and experimental vibration displacement values across varying speeds and initial backlashes, the derived dynamic differential equation demonstrated excellent accuracy in characterising the relationship between initial backlash, speed, and vibration.Finally, employing the Runge-Kutta method to solve the dynamic differential equations at increments of 10 strokes per minute, and integrating experimental results of vibration displacement at varying speeds and initial backlashes, the optimal initial backlash corresponding to the minimum vibration displacement was determined for carding machine speeds ranging from 450 to 550 strokes per minute.

Conclusion In this paper, the dynamic model of spur gear system is established by using the concentrated mass method, and its power differential equation is deduced according to Newton's second law, which shows the relationship between initial backlash, vehicle speed and vibration, and the experiments are carried out by using laser vibration meter with different vehicle speeds and initial backlashes as the variables, which verifies that the power differential equations can accurately show the relationship between the three, and the analytical analysis obtains the initial tooth gap corresponding to the minimum vibration displacement under the vehicle speed of combing machine of 450-550. The initial tooth gap corresponding to the minimum vibration displacement of the combing machine is analyzed and obtained.

Objective At present, the manufacturing of carbon fiber preforms predominantly relies on manual operations, which is not only highly inefficient and labor-intensive but also causes significant variability and inconsistency into the production process. Manual handling adversely affects the uniformity and quality of punctures, leading to defects such as fiber misalignment, incomplete penetration, and uneven tension distribution. These issues ultimately compromise the mechanical performance and structural integrity of the final composite components. To address these challenges, the research reported in this paper aims to design and develop an automated system dedicated to the fabrication of carbon fiber preforms. The primary goals are to minimize human intervention, standardize the puncture process, enhance production efficiency, and most importantly, improve the reliability and repeatability of preform quality. By integrating advanced mechanization and control technologies, the proposed system seeks to establish a robust and scalable manufacturing solution suitable for industrial applications.

Method A comprehensive design of the mechanical structure was presented for an integrated puncture virtual prototype. The design process involved detailed modeling and simulation of the puncture mechanism to optimize its performance and durability. Specifically, a friction simulation analysis was conducted to examine the interaction between a steel needle array and a single layer of carbon fabric during the penetration process. This enabled a deeper understanding of the forces and deformations involved. Furthermore, a rigorous force analysis was performed on the puncture needle to evaluate its structural behavior under operational loads. The scientific validity and feasibility of the virtual prototype were verified through a multi-step approach, combining computational modeling with empirical validations. Advanced engineering software, including ANSYS and Solidworks, was employed to simulate and analyze critical aspects such as stress distribution, buckling resistance, and friction characteristics. These steps ensured that the design was both scientifically sound and practically viable.

Results This research addressed several key issues associated with the 3D stereoscopic puncture technology for composite materials. In the mechanical design, a high-precision ball screw lifter was incorporated to significantly enhance the stability and positioning accuracy of the needle during piercing operations. The carbon cloth grasping mechanism was designed with a three-axis modular system, providing greater flexibility and adaptability in handling the material. Through mathematical abstraction and structural analysis, the critical maximum buckling value of the puncture needle was calculated, offering important insights into its performance limits. Three distinct failure modes, i.e., fiber bending around the needle, fiber breakage, and fiber accumulation, of the carbon cloth following puncture were identified and analyzed. Frictional simulation experiments conducted using ANSYS software revealed that the friction force between the steel needle and carbon cloth exhibits a nonlinear increase with penetration depth. Static structural analysis of the primary stressed component-the steel needle-was carried out via ANSYS Workbench. The results confirmed that deformation was minimal and within acceptable limits, ensuring that the needle's functionality remains uncompromised throughout the puncture process.

Conclusion This study successfully accomplished the design and development of an integrated puncture machine for automated carbon fiber preform manufacturing. A mechanical model describing the behavior of the puncture needle was established, and a detailed virtual prototype was constructed using Solidworks. The frictional interactions between the needle and carbon cloth were thoroughly investigated through simulation, providing valuable data for optimizing the process parameters. Computational and simulation results collectively demonstrated the rationality, efficiency, and reliability of the structural design. The proposed system not only reduces dependency on manual labor but also enhances production consistency, operational efficiency, and product quality. These findings underscore the practical applicability of the automated equipment in industrial settings and contribute to the advancement of intelligent manufacturing technologies for composite materials.

Significance With the rapid advancement of strategic missions such as deep-space exploration, aerospace systems are increasingly exposed to extreme thermal cycling, intense radiation, micrometeoroid impacts, and atomic oxygen erosion. Traditional metallic and organic materials, constrained by high density, limited thermal resistance, and short service life, are insufficient to meet the requirements of next-generation aerospace systems. In contrast, high-performance inorganic fibers-characterized by low density, high specific strength, exceptional thermal stability, radiation resistance, and chemical durability-have emerged as key materials for integrated structural and functional design. A systematic review of their classifications, applications, and technological trends is therefore of great scientific and engineering significance, providing guidance to overcome current material limitations and accelerate independent innovation in advanced aerospace systems.

Progress High-performance inorganic fibers-including carbon-based, quartz, oxide, silicon carbide, boron-based, and basalt fibers-have been systematically reviewed with respect to their structural characteristics and performance advantages under complex aerospace service environments. These fibers meet diverse requirements for mechanical strength, functional integration, lightweight design, and sustainability. Research progress has focused on forming technologies and intrinsic property enhancement mechanisms, including precursor design, heat treatment, and microstructural regulation, which have improved fiber strength, toughness, and stability. In addition, the structural processing and functional applications of fiber-based products have been summarized, highlighting the potential of advanced intelligent manufacturing technologies-such as three-dimensional weaving and 3D printing-for the fabrication of complex structures and multifunctional integration. These advances indicate that future development of inorganic fibers must emphasize structure-property prediction, multifunctional design, and green intelligent manufacturing to enable reliable long-term service and sustainable development of next-generation aerospace systems.

Conclusion and Prospect High-performance inorganic fibers have become indispensable to aerospace material systems; however, their development still faces significant challenges. The microstructure-property correlation remains insufficiently understood; multifunctional integration often involves trade-offs that hinder the simultaneous optimization of mechanical strength, thermal protection, and sensing capabilities; and manufacturing remains energy-intensive, costly, and technologically dependent on imports, constraining large-scale applications and autonomy. Addressing these challenges requires a focus on multifunctional integration, intelligent responsiveness, and green manufacturing. Emphasis should be placed on synergistic fiber integration, gradient structural design, and interface engineering to achieve combined load-bearing, protection, and sensing functions with systematic performance optimization. Research on intelligent fiber-based materials should be accelerated to enable self-sensing, self-healing, and enhanced environmental adaptability, thereby improving reliability under extreme aerospace conditions. Priority must also be given to low-energy, high-efficiency green manufacturing and recycling technologies to support closed-loop lifecycle management and promote sustainability. In parallel, advancing the localization of core manufacturing technologies is essential for establishing an autonomous supply chain and securing strategic advantages in the global aerospace sector.

Significance Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a porous, mesh-like nano-scale biopolymer synthesized through microbial fermentation. Due to its high purity, zero calories and zero cholesterol content, BC has become a popular food additive for people with diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular conditions. With ongoing research, scientists have discovered that BC's high moisture absorption rate, moisture retention capacity, and biocompatibility make it highly suitable for use as a tissue material, such as artificial skin and wound dressings. With the rise of nanotechnology, BC has also become a representative of "green nanomaterials," as its three-dimensional nano-fiber structure endows it with excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area. Materials such as nano-fiber membranes, hydrogels, and aerogels made from BC demonstrate unique value in fields like environmental protection, energy, and electronics. Recently, composites made from BC have begun to show their unique advantages in new textiles, such as vegan leather and flexible wearable devices. However, BC application in the textile field is still under explored. Therefore, it is necessary to review and summarize the current research status of BC and its composites as textile materials, as well as the production and modification challenges faced in applications to promote its development in the textile industry.

Progress To better promote the development of BC composites, this article introduces the structural composition and application characteristics of BC, and analyzes in detail the application fields of its composites and the problems they face, aiming to provide structured knowledge for the application development of BC in the textile industry. We summarize the excellent properties of BC, including high purity, high modulus, high water retention and breathability, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and have collected a large amount of research data to analyze the application advantages and innovative achievements of these properties in packaging materials, new types of vegan leather, flexible wearable devices, medical textiles, and wastewater treatment, among others. Furthermore, we objectively analyze the existing problems in the preparation of BC composites and propose several solutions to promote the industrialization of BC materials. Currently, the low yield and high cost of BC are major challenges for large-scale application, which can be alleviated to some extent through genetic engineering, the use of additives, optimization of fermentation methods. In addition, we outline the issues of high difficulty in dissolution due to strong hydrogen bonding and poor reactivity due to dense structure, and summarize the techniques proposed by researchers to enhance performance through solvent swelling, physical stretching, and chemical modification. We hope this review will contribute to the large-scale production and industrialization of BC.

Conclusion and Prospect BC, as a natural biopolymer material produced by microbial fermentation, has demonstrated significant advantages in durability, renewability, multifunctionality, and customizability due to its unique nanofiber structure, excellent mechanical properties, and good biodegradability, meeting specific needs in various fields and scenarios, showcasing its powerful multifunctionality, and being an important component of the future green materials sector. Although BC meets the requirements of a sustainable economy to some extent, it still faces challenges for large-scale applications due to high production costs and low yields. Additionally, strong hydrogen bonding and processing difficulties caused by its dense structure are also obstacles that make large-scale production and commercialization of BC hard to overcome. Therefore, future research should focus on leveraging bioengineering and artificial intelligence technologies to further optimize processes, reduce BC costs, and make the preparation of its composites easier, thus promoting the application of bacterial cellulose in high-end textile products such as sustainable fibers, flexible wearables, and medical textiles.

Significance Under the concept of sustainable development, recycling waste polyester (PET) textiles has gained growing attention. Many countries have legislated to encourage this, and some renowned clothing brands aim to use 100% recycled PET in products by 2030. As a major PET fiber producer, China's efforts not only help reduce the environmental impact, lower resource waste, but also stimulate the technology advancement. However, it faces challenges such as low recycling rates and limited high-value use. This paper reviews the advancements in chemical recycling of PET textiles, summarizes their characteristics and challenges, and highlights the development trends of waste PET textile recycling technologies to promote sustainable utilization in the PET recycling industry.

Progress Chain extension and polycondensation technologies, classified under physical-chemical recycling, significantly enhance the melt viscosity of PET, thereby improving the quality of recycled fibers. Current research primarily focuses on the development of highly efficient chain extenders. Diguaiacyl oxalate, a reactive extender with high efficacy, not only increases the molecular weight of recycled PET but also allows for complete removal of post-reaction, effectively addressing traditional residue challenges. True chemical recycling involves depolymerizing waste PET into monomers, which can then be re-polycondensed to produce virgin-quality fibers. This process can be achieved through either bio-chemical or purely chemical depolymerization methods. Chemical approaches, such as methanolysis, glycolysis, and hydrolysis, aim to maximize monomer yield while optimizing catalyst performance. For example, the magnetic CoFe₂O₄ catalyst facilitates easy separation and maintains its activity after five cycles. Potassium carbonate enables PET methanolysis at room temperature, achieving a 93.1% dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) yield within 24 h. A novel acetic acid-based process developed in 2024 successfully depolymerizes PET at 280 ℃ within 2 h, yielding 95.8% terephthalic acid (TPA) with 99.7% purity and 95.3% ethylene glycol diacetate with 98.0% purity. Bio-chemical depolymerization emphasizes the use of highly efficient enzymes. The LCC quadruple mutant (LCCICCG) demonstrates the ability to depolymerize 90% of pretreated PET at 72 ℃ within 10 h. Furthermore, the computationally engineered LCC-A2 variant enhances efficiency, achieving over 99% TPA and ethylene glycol (EG) yields.

Conclusion and Prospect Currently, the recycling rate of waste PET textiles in China remains relatively low, with the majority being disposed of through landfill or incineration. Physical recycling is currently the predominant method, whereas chemical recycling plays a minor role. In physical-chemical recycling, there is a need for low-toxicity and residue-free chain extenders. Chemical catalytic depolymerization has made significant progress, particularly in the development of efficient catalysts for methanolysis, glycolysis, and hydrolysis. Bio-chemical depolymerization, which is environmentally friendly, encounters challenges such as enzyme thermal instability and low degradation efficiency for highly crystalline PET, with most studies still confined to laboratory settings. Future research should focus on optimizing chemical reactions to reduce costs and improve yields, as well as exploring bio-chemical depolymerization through protein engineering and machine learning techniques to enhance enzyme performance and achieve effective degradation of crystalline PET.

Significance Dyeing and finishing industry, a cornerstone of traditional textile manufacturing, is at a critical juncture. It faces a confluence of modern challenges, including rising consumer demand for personalized products, increasingly stringent environmental regulations, and intense global market competition. The industry's conventional production models, which rely heavily on empirical experience, are proving inadequate, often leading to low efficiency, high consumption of resources, and inconsistent product quality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a key enabling technology to navigate these complexities. By leveraging its powerful capabilities in data processing, pattern recognition, and predictive optimization, AI offers a transformative pathway for the industry to achieve intelligent, green, and highly efficient manufacturing. This review provides a systematic evaluation of recent progress in AI applications across the textile dyeing and finishing landscape, aiming to clarify the current state of AI adoption, identify key challenges, and chart a course for its future trajectory in the industry.

Progress AI is being integrated into every stage of the textile dyeing process, yielding significant advancements. In dye design, AI revolutionizes development by accurately predicting crucial properties (e.g. maximum absorption wavelength(λ_max), solubility) pre-synthesis and facilitating high-throughput virtual screening, dramatically accelerating the discovery of novel dyes. For color management, AI overcomes the limitations of traditional methods. It learns the complex relationship between color attributes and dye recipes from data, solves the "one-to-many" recipe problem, and mitigates metamerism by integrating with hyperspectral imaging. In process optimization, AI introduces a new level of precision. It predicts key dyeing outcomes (e.g., K/S value, exhaustion rates), allowing for the optimization of dyeing conditions to minimize resource consumption and maximize quality. It also solves complex production scheduling problems and enables real-time anomaly monitoring. For quality inspection, AI is driving the shift towards full automation. Unsupervised, reconstruction-based methods have become the dominant solution for defect detection, effectively addressing the challenge of scarce defect samples. A forward-looking application is "dyeing-free" quality prediction, where spectroscopy and ML are used to analyze raw materials to predict their final dyeing uniformity.

Conclusion and Prospect AI technologies are fundamentally reshaping the textile dyeing and finishing industry, demonstrating immense potential to enhance innovation, efficiency, and sustainability. Research has led to clear achievements in accelerating dye discovery, improving color recipe accuracy, optimizing resource utilization, and automating quality control. However, widespread adoption of AI technology faces significant hurdles. These include a critical lack of high-quality, standardized industry data, challenges in ensuring model robustness and generalization from lab environments to real-world production fluctuations, and the high technical and financial costs of integrating AI systems into the existing manufacturing infrastructure. Future research must focus on overcoming these barriers through a more integrated approach. Key priorities should be given to developing inverse design models for dyes that simultaneously optimize multiple objectives (color, fastness, eco-toxicity), creating digital twin systems for holistic process control, and advancing quality systems from "post-process detection" to "in-process prediction" by fusing multi-modal data. Ultimately, the goal is to connect these disparate AI applications into a cohesive, closed-loop intelligent manufacturing system that spans the entire production chain. Achieving this vision will unlock AI's full potential to build a smarter, greener, and more competitive textile industry.