Table of Content

15 April 2025, Volume 46 Issue 04

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Fiber Materials

Preparation and spinnability of aramid nanofibers

GUO Yuqing, QU Yun, ZHANG Liping, SUN Jie

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  1-10.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240405201

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Objective Aramid nanofibers (ANFs) have become a favored composite skeleton reinforcement material in recent years due to their large aspect ratio, specific surface area, high surface energy, good dispersibility. It has been reported that the preparation cycle of aramid nanofibers using deprotonation is relatively long, and the reports on the deprotonation reaction cycle or reaction endpoint are not sufficiently uniform. The evolution mechanism of ANFs under different reaction cycles is not clear, and there is still a lack of research on their wet spinning processability. In order to fully grasp the characteristics of ANFs and their wet spinning processability, this research carried out a series of studies on ANFs with different reaction cycles.

Method Using poly-p-phenylene terephthamide(PPTA) fibers as raw materials, ANFs dimethy sulf-oxide(DMSO) dispersions were prepared through an alkaline solution deprotonation method. SEM was utilized to observe and analyze the evolution of PPTA fibers across the reaction cycles during the deprotonation process. The influence of the preparation period on the microstructure of ANFs was analyzed using SEM, TEM, Raman, and XRD tests. A rheometer was employed to test the rheological properties of the ANFs/DMSO dispersion, and the impact of reaction cycles on these properties was analyzed. Furthermore, the wet spinning method was used to assemble and prepare pure spun ANFs fibers, and the effect of the preparation cycle of ANFs in the spinning solution on the mechanical strength of pure spun ANFs fibers was investigated.

Results The ANFs produced exhibited a typical branching morphology with a large aspect ratio. It was found that as the protonation reaction cycle prolonged, the aspect ratio of nanofibers was decreased. The average diameter of ANFs prepared with a reaction period of 3 d was about 10.46 nm, and the aspect ratio was relatively large. However, excessively extending the reaction period to 9 d will significantly damage the main chemical structure of the fibers. The modulus of dispersed solutions at different reaction cycles exhibited no frequency dependence, and G'/G″ was greater than 1, making it suitable for assembly using wet spinning processing. As the reaction cycle prolonged, the apparent viscosity of the prepared dispersion showed a significant decline, indicating that excessive reaction would deteriorate its spinnability. Observing the microstructure of pure spun ANFs fibers assembled by wet spinning, it was found that PPTA polyanions in the dispersed solution were able to reconstruct their structure through protonation reduction reactions during the spinning solidification process. The formed aramid nanofibers was able to be arranged in an orderly manner along the fiber axis, with very good orientation regularity. As the preparation period of ANFs in the spinning solution prolonged, the strength of the assembled pure spun ANFs fibers showed a significant decrease. Among them, the AF-3 pure spun fibers assembled with a preparation period of 3 days correspond to the best mechanical properties, with fracture strength and modulus reaching 151.84 MPa and 6.23 GPa, respectively.

Conclusion The ANFs/DMSO dispersion prepared by deprotonation method has good wet spinning processability. During the wet spinning process, ANFs are oriented in an orderly manner along the fiber axis under the action of jet shear, and their structure can be reconstructed through protonation reduction during solidification. The assembled pure spun fibers have been proven to have good mechanical properties. The preparation cycle has an impact on the length and fineness of the prepared ANFs. The larger the aspect ratio of ANFs, the higher the strength and modulus of the assembled pure spun ANF fibers. Research has shown that ANFs can serve as reinforcing skeletons and material composites, laying the foundation for the design and development of composite fibers.

Carboxylated nanocellulose-reinforced flexible transparent conductive elastomer

LI Yihong, CAI Junyi, ZHUGE Xiaojie, WU Dongrui, TENG Deying, YU Jianyong, DING Bin, LI Zhaoling

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  11-19.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240505201

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Objective Ionic conductive elastomers have excellent stretchability and ion transport properties, which show great application prospects in flexible transparent electronic devices, medical monitoring, soft robots and other fields. However, ionic conductive elastomers suffer from the dehydration or deliquescence issues impeding their further development in extreme environment. Inspired by the “brick-and-mortar” structure derived from nacre, this research targets on the innovative design of a new type of liquid-free intrinsically ionic conductive elastomer to overcome the dehydration or deliquescence issues caused by the sensitivity of traditional ionic conductive elastomers to humidity. This breakthrough development was aimed to expand the range of materials available for applications such as wearable sensors, foldable displays, wearable optics, and more.

Method A binary polymerizable deep eutectic solvent was prepared with choline chloride and acrylic acid as raw materials in different proportions, and a ternary polymerizable deep eutectic solvent was prepared with choline chloride, acrylic acid and oxalic acid as raw materials in different proportions. The ternary polymerizable deep eutectic solvent has the fiunction of uniformly dispersing different carboxylated nanocellulose(CCNC) fibers. The three were polymerized by in situ polymerization method under 365 nm ultraviolet irradiation, obtaining D-ICE, T-ICE and T-C-ICE. The structure and properties of each material were characterized.

Results In this research, samples with different ratios of raw materials were prepared. A variety of samples with different raw material proportions were prepared, and the microstructure, electrical and mechanical properties of the related materials were measured. When the proportion of acrylic acid was too little, it was found difficult to form a stable and transparent polymerizable eutectic solvent, highlighting the necessity of introducing a new hydrogen bond donor to maintain a stable polymerizable eutectic solvent. In addition, the introduction of carboxylate nanocellulose changed the proportion of chemical bonds in the raw material. The introduction of nanocellulose also reduces the transmittance of ultraviolet light because nanocellulose itself is a solid that is opaque to light. Under these conditions, the conductivity of the material reached 5.94 mS/m. The introduction of carboxylated nanocellulose significantly improved the ionic conductivity, while the acrylic acid content decreased which has little hindrance to ionic migration after polymerization. Under these conditions, the maximum stress of the material was 0.06 MPa and the maximum strain was 130%. Carboxylated nanocellulose, with a high aspect ratio, improved the mechanical properties of the ICE. ICE became electricity conductive and a LED light was lit during the stretching process, and was recoverable to the initial state after bending and twisting, with good fatigue resistance. The results proved that the material is functional ionic conductor which is sustainable, and also indicated broad application prospects in flexible transparent electronic products and other fields.

Conclusion The flexible transparent conductive elastomers reinforced by carboxylated nanocellulose were quickly prepared by in-situ polymerization. CCNC is directly derived from natural plants, and the components of PDES are low-cost and easy to obtain, so the manufacturing process of ICE is simple, green and environmentally friendly, without harsh reaction conditions and low cost. CCNC-based ionic conductors have microscopically and macroscopically enhanced multi-stage structures, which not only provide an effective strategy for the preparation of both sustainable and functional ionic conductors, but also show broad application prospects in flexible transparent electronic products and other fields.

Self-healing and reprocessing performance of benzyl glycidyl ether modified epoxy vitrimer

LI Jingkang, HUANG Liang, CHEN Shishi, BI Shuguang, RAN Jianhua, TANG Jiagong

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  20-28.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240602101

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Objective The primary objective of this research is to enhance self-healing and reprocessing capabilities of epoxy vitrimers, which are integral to sustainable recycling and reuse of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) in high-performance industries. The significance of this work is underscored by the need to overcome the limitations of traditional epoxy resins, which are characterized by irreversible covalent bonds that hinder their reprocessability and recyclability. By introducing the small molecule reactive diluent benzyl glycidyl ether (BGE), this study aims to adjust the network structure, thereby accelerating the ester exchange reaction rate and reducing the self-healing time and reprocessing temperature.

Method The methodology of this research involves synthesis of epoxy vitrimers through the incorporation of BGE into bisphenol F epoxy resin (BPF-170) and methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA), catalyzed by zinc acetylacetonate (ZAA). The epoxy equivalent ratio of BPF-170 to BGE was systematically varied to fine-tune the network structure. The synthesized materials were characterized using a suite of analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for chemical structure analysis, differential scanning calorimetry for thermal property determination, thermogravimetric analysis for thermal stability assessment, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) for thermomechanical property evaluation, and tensile tests for mechanical performance measurement.

Results The modified epoxy vitrimer formulation TEPV-BGE3, with a BPF-170 to BGE epoxy equivalent ratio of 7∶3, exhibited a substantially reduced glass transition temperature (T_g) from 87.2 to 60.4 ℃, and a decreased vitrimer freezing temperature (T_v) from 80 to 52 ℃. The material maintains high thermal stability, with a 5% weight loss temperature (T_95%) of 270 ℃ and a tensile strength of (17.81 ± 1.05) MPa. The self-healing time at 120 ℃ for a 100 μm wide scratch is significantly reduced from 132.3 min to 25.3 min, demonstrating a remarkable improvement in self-healing efficiency. Furthermore, the reprocessing capability of carbon fiber laminates was enhanced, allowing for reshaping within 60 min at 180 ℃. The molecular structure analysis elucidated the curing mechanism and the dynamic ester bond exchange process, indicating the successful introduction of a reversible crosslinking system that facilitates self-healing and reprocessing.

Conclusion The integration of BGE into epoxy vitrimers has been demonstrated to enhance significantly their self-healing and reprocessing properties. The optimized formulation, TEPV-BGE3, exhibits a reduced T_g of 60.4 ℃ and T_v of 52 ℃, enabling faster self-healing at 120 ℃ and efficient reprocessing of carbon fiber laminates within 60 min at 180 ℃. The material's high thermal stability, with a 5% weight loss temperature (T_95%) of 270 ℃, and a tensile strength of (17.81 ± 1.05) MPa indicate its suitability for demanding applications. The findings suggest that with precise control over the network structure and composition, it is possible to tailor the properties of epoxy vitrimers to meet specific application requirements while maintaining high thermal and mechanical performance.

Preparation and bovine serum albumin separation of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer nanofibrous anion-exchange aerogel

CAO Zhanrui, JI Cancan, HE Shanshan, ZHOU Feng, XIANG Yang, GAO Fei, LIU Ke, WANG Dong

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  29-37.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240104901

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Objective Traditional microsphere chromatography materials have disadvantages in pontificating bovine serum albumin and other biological products with slow separation speed and low separation efficiency. To solve this issue, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) nanofibers and chitosan quaternary ammonium salt have been adopted to prepare composite aerogel materials by freeze-drying method. This study provides a simple and efficient method for the construction of biomacromolecule separation and purification materials.

Method EVOH nanofibers were used as support framework material, glutaraldehyde was used as crosslinking agent, and chitosan quaternary ammonium salt was used as modifier and binder to prepare aerogel materials. The surface morphology and surface chemical composition of the composite material were characterized and analyzed using SEM, XPS, FT-IR, and other characterization techniques. The mechanical properties of aerogel materials were characterized by universal tensile testing machine. The hydrophilicity of aerogel materials in dry and wet environment was characterized by contact angle tester. The adsorption capacity test was used to study the BSA adsorption performance of aerogels.

Result Aerogel materials possesses the laminated or spheric structure derived from EVOH nanofibers and chitosan quaternary ammonium salt solution blends in via freeze-drying process. For EVOH/CS-25%, spheric structure has been obtained different to that of other samples with more or less the content of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt.With the decrease of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt, the aerogel materials present decreased water contact angle and shorter time spent to total infusion of water. In addition, as the content of chitosan quaternary ammonium salts decreases, the water absorption of the materials also gradually decreases implying the combined function of chitosan derivative and nanofibrous scaffold. Through the infrared spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra, it can be seen that aerogel materials have new absorption peaks at 1 645 cm^-1, and a wide peak at 3 325 cm^-1 different from EVOH nanofibers, which belongs toa vibration caused by the quaternary ammonium group of chitosan quaternary ammonium salts. These results suggest that chitosan quaternary ammonium salts are successfully crosslinked to the EVOH nanofiber surface. It is worth noting that when the content of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt is 17%, the adsorption performance is lower than that of the concentration of 25%, it can be seen that increasing the content of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt is conducive to improving the adsorption performance. Compared with other aerogels with chitosan quaternary ammonium salt content, EVOH/CS-25% has a through-pore structure and good structural stability, so that the saturated adsorption capacity is larger. These results indicate that the adsorption performance of aerogels is jointly affected by the content of chitosan quaternary ammonium salts and the porous structure of nanofiber scaffold.The unique structure of EVOH/CS-25% provides more continuous three-dimensional pores, which is beneficial to the improved mechanical performance to withstand pressure and decompression in air and water indicating a good compression resistance during ion exchange chromatography.

Conclusion A novel aerogel adsorbent was prepared by combining EVOH nanofibers with chitosan quaternary ammonium salts. The nanofiber aerogel materials present a unique microporous network structure and higher specific surface area than the membranes with the same chemical components. The results showed that the composite adsorbent effectively adsorbed the BSA, with a static saturation adsorption capacity of up to 1 121.6 mg/g and a shorter time for saturation adsorption, which can be assigned to the three-dimensional structure of aerogel material with higher specific surface area and interconnected porous channels. Therefore, this work provides a new and efficient approach for the development of anion exchange materials with fast adsorption rate and large adsorption capacity.

Fabrication of braided tube reinforced polypropylene hollow fiber membrane for oil-water separation

LIN Weijia, JI Dawei, TIAN Xuyong, WANG Chunlei, XUE Haolong, XIAO Changfa

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  38-46.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240603001

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Objective In recent years, with the rapid development of modern industry, the amount of oily wastewater discharged from industrial production and oil spills caused by frequent maritime accidents have become an important source of water pollution, causing catastrophic damage to the environment. Membrane separation technology is an excellent choice for separating oil-water mixture and emulsion due to its high efficiency, low energy consumption and environmental protection. In this research, reinforced hydrophobic PP hollow fiber membranes were prepared using a braided tube reinforcement/thermally induced phase separation coupling method. This study provides a reference for the preparation of PP/GE composites with high performance.

Method A hydrophobic and oleophilic polypropylene (PP) hollow composite fiber membrane with a dual continuous pore structure was prepared by simple blending modification using a combination of braided tube reinforcement and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method. The effect of graphene (GE) doping on the morphology, mechanical properties, and permeability of hollow fiber membranes was studied using PP as the film-forming polymer, soybean oil as the diluent, silica (SiO₂), and two-dimensional layered structure GE as hydrophobic dopants.

Results A small amount of GE doping was used as a non-homogeneous phase nucleating agent, providing more nucleation sites for the uniformly dispersed GE and making the membrane spherical structure more homogeneous. With increasing GE content, the spherical crystal structure of the membrane became less, and more branch-like structures appeared. With increasing GE content, the membrane demonstrated opposite trend to the above, and the interconnected porous structure got decreased. This is due to the increase in the viscosity of the casting fluid and the deterioration of the fluidity. The introduction of GE into the PP membrane-forming system was demonstrated through infrared and Raman testing. The mechanical properties of PP hollow fiber membranes showed a slight improvement with the doping of G, while the porosity and average pore size were seen to increase and then decrease. GE doping improved the hydrophobic and lipophilic properties of the membrane. In the pure oil flux and oil-water separation test, significant improvement was witnessed. The kerosene flux of the optimal M4 membrane reached 110 L/(m²·h), and the kerosene in water, soybean oil in water, and n-hexane in water emulsion fluxes were 34.8 L/(m²·h), 29.6 L/(m²·h), and 52.3 L/(m²·h), respectively, and the separation efficiency for the three situations was 98.9%, 98.4%, and 98.6%, respectively.

Conclusion In this study, soybean oil was used as a diluent, while SiO₂ and two-dimensional layered GE were applied as hydrophobic dopants. TIPS braided tube reinforcement technology was used to successfully prepare PET-braided tube reinforced PP hollow fiber membranes. The effects of different GE contents on membrane morphology, pore size distribution, oil-water separation, and other aspects were studied. The results indicate that the doping of GE can alter the pore structure, hydrophobicity, and permeability of PP hollow fiber membranes. With the increase of GE doping amount, the water contact angle and roughness of the membrane gradually increase, and the average pore size, oil flux, and oil-water separation performance show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the GE doping amount is 0.5%, the prepared M4 film has a water contact angle of 132.4 °, exhibiting excellent hydrophobic and lipophilic properties. The kerosene flux was further measured to be 110 L/(m²·h), and the flux of kerosene in water, soybean oil in water, and n-hexane in water emulsion were 34.8 L/(m²·h), 29.6 L/(m²·h), and 52.3 L/(m²·h), respectively. The separation efficiency was 98.9%, 98.4%, and 98.6%.

Preparation and properties of hyperplastic aerogel based on waste linen fabrics

ZHANG Wenli, LIU Xin, ZHANG Qiaoqiao, ZHI Chao, LI Jianwei, FAN Wei

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  47-55.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240603201

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Objective Aerogel is a solid material with an extremely low density that can fulfill various demands, including fireproofing, waterproofing, heat insulation and sound insulation. However, the current problem of high preparation costs, low strength, low toughness, and weak structural stability due to their preparation costs have seriously limited their promotion and application. To address this issue, cellulose aerogels were created using recycled fibers from reprocessed wast linen fabrics. The linen fibers were pre-treated to obtain a well-dispersed fiber suspension, followed by freeze-drying and high-temperature cross-linking.

Method The mixture of polyamide epoxy resin (PAE) with a mass fraction of 0.3% and pretreated linen fiber with water with a mass fraction of 0.1%-0.4% was first stirred in a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 300 r/min for 8 h at room temperature to obtain a well-dispersed fiber suspension. Then it was poured into a plastic mold and then placed into a freeze dryer at a temperature of -80 ℃ for freeze drying. Finally, the freeze-dried samples were put into a vacuum drying oven at a temperature of 120 ℃ and a pressure of half an atmosphere for 3 h.

Results The density test showed that as the mass fraction of linen fibers increased from 0.1% to 0.4%, and the average density of cellulose aerogel increased from 4.78 mg/cm³ to 5.75 mg/cm³. The unidirectional compression test showed that as the mass fraction of linen fibers increased from 0.1% to 0.4%, and the average degree of recovery of cellulose aerogel after unidirectional compression decreased from 88.9% to 86.7%. The cyclic compression test showed that when the number of cyclic compressions was increased from 0 to 60 times, the height of deformation recovery of the cellulose aerogel increased as the mass fraction of linen fibers was increased from 0.1% to 0.2%. However, the deformation recovery height of cellulose aerogels gradually decreased as the mass fraction of linen fibers continued to increase from 0.2% to 0.4%. The morphological characterization showed that before uncompressed, the pore size of the aerogels with 0.1% and 0.2% mass fraction of linen fibers was uniform, and the reticular structure was more complete in comparison with the aerogels with 0.3% and 0.4% mass fraction of linen fibers. After compression, the reticular structure and holes of the aerogel with a mass fraction of 0.4% of linen fibers were the most severely damaged, while the other aerogels with different mass fractions of linen fibers all maintained relatively intact reticular structures and cavities, with the aerogel with a mass fraction of 0.2% of linen fibers having the best structural retention. As can be seen from the thermal insulation performance test, the linen fiber mass fraction of 0.2%, the thickness of 10 mm of the aerogel in the 80 ℃ heating table, the heating time of 5 min within the temperature of the aerogel appeared to decline. The temperature of the aerogel can be maintained at 53 ℃ for a long time after the heating time is more than 5 min. As shown by the thermal conductivity test, the thermal conductivity of the cellulose aerogel gradually increased with the increase of the mass fraction of linen fiber from 0.1% to 0.4%, in which the thermal conductivity of the aerogel with the mass fraction of linen fiber of 0.1% was the lowest, reaching (0.038 2 ± 0.000 2)W/(m·K).

Conclusion In this study, aerogels with different characteristics were prepared by adjusting the concentration of linen fiber, thus changing the density of linen fiber aerogel. Compared with the high-density aerogel, the low-density aerogel has more uniform and dense pores, and the air filled in the pores can effectively reduce the thermal conductivity of the aerogel, realizing the excellent performance of aerogel thermal insulation. This will promote the development of linen fiber aerogel in the field of thermal insulation.

Textile Engineering

Quality analysis of semi-combed cotton slivers based on fiber accelerating-point distribution during drafting zone

MA Wenjia, LIU Xinjin

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  56-62.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240305201

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Objective Drafting in the yarnmaking process involves multiple technical steps, and the quality of the sliver is the main indicator for evaluating the drafting effect. In practical drafting processes, there exists a speed differential between the front delivery nip and the rear feed nip, resulting in inter-fiber slippage and the attenuation of the sliver from thick to thin. Due to the inconsistent variable speed positions of fibers in the stretching zone, any two fibers would undergo displacement deviation after variable speed, resulting in uneven stretching, and this is the main reason for quality deterioration of the slivers. Therefore, the distribution of fiber accelerating-point has been identified to have significant impact on the quality of the sliver.

Method This study investigated the relationship between the distribution of fiber accelerating-point in the drafting zone of the drawing machine and the sliver quality of semi-combed cotton slivers with different blending ratios, using combed and carded slivers as raw materials. Five types of semi-combed cotton slivers were spun separately using the FA320A high-speed drawing frame under the same process parameters, with combed/carded sliver ratios being 1/5, 2/4, 3/3, 4/2, and 5/1. Then, the obtained 5 types of semi-combed cotton slivers, combed cotton slivers, and carded cotton slivers were each subjected to cutting and weighing. Subsequently, based on the distribution of fiber mass change rates, an analysis was conducted on the distribution of main drafting zone fiber accelerating-point, including the concentration, stability, and fronted movement of the fibers accelerated-point.

Results The experimental results sjowed that as the proportion of combed slivers increased, the distribution of fibers at the accelerating-point became more concentrated towards the front roller nip line. A more concentrated and forward distribution of fibers at the accelerating-point indicates better control over the coefficient of variation. This implies that the stability control of the severed and weighed slivers at the same nip line is better over different time intervals. Consequently, the mean deviation and coefficient of variation of the sliver after drafting were smaller. When the proportion of combed slivers reached a certain level, the differences in the concentration and forward distribution at accelerating points became negligible, and the differences in the sliver after drafting appeared minimal, resulting in overall superior quality. It was evident that the more reasonable the setting of blending process parameters, the better the stability control of the logarithmic variance of fibers accelerating-point distribution, all of which are smaller than the critical value. This indicates that external factors have minimal interference on the sliver quality of these seven groups. On the contrary, the higher the proportion of carded slivers, the more unstable the fibers accelerated-point, the more dispersed the fibers at the accelerating-point were away from the front jaws, the wider the range of speed change position at the fiber head end, and the greater the displacement deviation, resulting in a larger average difference and coefficient of variation. It was also found that the more uneven the yarn, the worse the fiber elongation, parallelism, and separation degree in the yarn, and the easier it is to produce coarse and fine knots. Disrupted fibers during the stretching process would cause deterioration of the yarn quality.

Conclusion In actual spinning processes, it is necessary to allocate blend ratios reasonably and set appropriate process parameters to enhance the uniformity of sliver weight. This optimization worked to improve the concentration, forward distribution, and stability of fibers accelerated-point, thereby enhancing sliver quality. This is of great significance for spinning enterprises to achieve effective control of fibers in the drafting area, predict the quality of slivers, and optimize the process parameters in drawing production.

Creep properties and mechanism of polyamid 6 industrial fiber at different temperatures

HE Hao, ZHANG Yingliang, LIU Chenjun, YIN Yaran, CHEN Kang, ZHANG Xianming

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  63-70.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20231206301

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Objective With the continuous expansion of polyamid 6 industrial fiber in engineering applications, it is very important to know the creep properties and the corresponding creep deformation mechanism of polyamid 6 industrial fiber under different conditions. In order to explore the difference of creep behavior and the corresponding deformation mechanism of polyamid 6 industrial fiber in different temperature ranges, the structure and properties of samples obtained under different creep temperature conditions were compared.MethodSynchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were adopted to compare and analyze the morphological and structural changes before and after creep process. To determine the relationship between creep performance parameters and multilayer structure parameters at different creep temperatures, the creep mechanism of polyamid 6 industrial fiber under different conditions was analyzed.

Results Polyamid 6 industrial fiber was simulated for creep at different ambient temperatures under the creep load of 40%ABL (average breaking load). When the creep temperature reached 160 ℃ and above, the sample showed fracture during the creep process. Nylon 6 industrial fiber exhibitd different creep properties at glass transition temperature. The initial creep strain, total creep strain, elastic creep strain and plastic creep strain of polyamid 6 industrial fiber increased with increasing creep temperature. When the creep temperature was below the glass transition temperature, the elastic recovery rate of the sample was basically unchanged and close to 99%. The creep rate wasincreased slowly, and the creep resistance of the sample was good. When the creep temperature was above the glass transition temperature, the elastic recovery rate decreased rapidly. The creep rate increased obviously, and the creep resistance of the sample was poor. Polyamid 6 industrial fiber exhibited different creep mechanism at glass transition temperature. The crystal orientation of polyamid 6 industrial fiber region is basically unchanged after the creep process, while the structure of amorphous region changes with the change of creep temperature. The creep behavior of nylon 6 industrial fiber under the creep temperature of not more than 150 ℃ was found to depend mainly on the amorphous structure. With the increase of creep temperature, the amorphous orientation and the whole orientation of polyamid 6 industrial fiber increased. The glass transition temperature of polyamid 6 industrial fiber was also increased. The molecular chains in the amorphous region were oriented along the creep deformation, and the molecular chains in the amorphous region with a small degree of orientation were gradually stretched and cannot be completely recovered, and the lamellar thickness increases. When the creep temperature exceeded the glass temperature, the kinetic capacity of the molecular chains in the amorphous region was enhanced.

Conclusion The creep deformation of the samples increases with the increase of the creep temperature. The elastic recovery rate and creep rate after removing the creep load are basically unchanged when the temperature is below 100 ℃, and the creep temperature is significantly decreased and increased when the creep temperature is exceeded 100 ℃ (higher than the glass transition temperature). The stable crystal structure can recover completely after the creep load is removed. After the creep process, the orientation of the amorphous region, the thickness of the lamellar and the glass transition temperature of the sample increased slightly. Some of the molecular chains of the amorphous region with low orientation degree were further deformed under the creep load and formed the oriented amorphous region. When the creep temperature is higher than 100 ℃, the motility of the molecular chains in the amorphous region is enhanced, resulting in a more obvious degree of change.

Full color gamut matching of wool blended yarn based on seven primary color fibers

ZHU Wenshuo, XUE Yuan, SUN Xianqiang, XUE Jingli, JIN Guang

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  71-80.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20231202701

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Objective The color spun yarn made by blending two or more colored fibers has a rich and three-dimensional color effect on the fabric. Compared with traditional fabric dyeing methods, it has the advantages of low energy consumption and less pollution. The preparation of full color gamut blended yarns is an urgent problem in the wool spinning industry. To solve it, this paper investigates how to prepare full color gamut blended yarns towards the chromatic circular color model by blending seven primary color of wool fibers.

Method Based on the color distribution characteristics of the chromatic circle color model, the seven primary colors of red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta and grey are selected as the panchromatic color matching system, and the full color gamut grid color mixture model is constructed based on the ternary coupling-combination color mixing mode, which establishes the correlation between the blending concentration of the primary color fibers and the color values of the full-color gamut grid points. The blending formulation of the blended yarn was planned based on the primary color fibers blending concentration at the grid points of the full color gamut grid color mixture model, according to which the seven primary color fibers were weighed and blended, and then the full color gamut blended yarns were prepared by the spinning process. Based on the above theory, a full color gamut grid color mixture model containing 241 grid points was constructed, according to which, 241 kinds of blended yarns and knitted fabrics were prepared by blending seven primary color fibers, and their color presentation was investigated according to the measured color values of the fabrics.

Results The knitted fabrics of blended yarns exhibits a uniform color effect, indicating that the fiber fusion degree in the blended yarn formed by blending the preferred seven primary color fibers according to the full color gamut grid color mixture model is good. The measured chromatograms of knitted fabrics and the theoretical mapping chromatograms of the seven primary color fibers full color gamut grid color mixture model show the same color change rule, both achieving gradual changes in hue, saturation and lightness within the color gamut, indicating the successful preparation of full-color gamut blended yarns.

Conclusion To realize the preparation of full color gamut blended yarns, a full color gamut grid color mixture model is constructed based on the preferred seven primary color fibers to research the preparation and color matching of full color gamut blended yarns. The results indicate that the fiber fusion degree of the full color gamut blended yarn prepared by the seven primary color fibers according to the full color gamut grid color mixture model was good, and the color of the knitted fabric achieved a gradual change in hue, saturation and lightness within color gamut of the seven primary color mixing, thus realizing the preparation of full color gamut blended yarns.

Design and 3-D simulation of jacquard leno fabrics

SHANG Jingyu, JIANG Gaoming, CHEN Yushan, LIU Haisang, LI Bingxian

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  81-88.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240202601

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Objective In recent years, due to complex production techniques and other reasons, jacquard leno fabrics have gradually disappeared. Rapid design and three-dimensional structure simulation of jacquard leno fabrics would help to quickly predict the weaving effect of leno fabrics, and it would help generate new design ideas and methods for the design and development of leno fabrics, and is of great significance in reducing the design and development costs of leno fabrics.

Method According to the principle of weaving leno fabrics, a mathematical model for creating weaving diagrams was constructed. In accordance with the structural characteristics of the leno fabrics, a twisting warp geometric model and a ground warp geometric model were established on the basis of the plain weave fabric geometriy, and the deviation patterns of the twisting warp yarns were analyzed. Finally, the three-dimensional structure simulation of jacquard leno fabrics was achieved using C # and WebGL.

Results Drawing upon the weaving principle of jacquard leno fabrics and the representation of woven fabric structures, a mathematical model for generating weaving doagrams was formulated, including the two-dimensional matrix W for the weave diagram, the two-dimensional matrix D for the draft plan, the matrix L for the lifting plan, the matrix C for the twisting warp draft plan, and the matrix F for the twisting warp lifting plan. By utilizing the mathematical relationship among the weaving diagrams of ordinary fabrics, the mathematical relationship among the weaving diagrams of yarn and fabric was derived. The number of offset warp yarns was defined as the warp twist offset coefficient (X), and the X number of warp twists was calculated based on the weaving pattern of yarn and rib fabrics. A yarn threading model was constructed, taking into account the distinct characteristics of the yarns and fabrics. Jacquard leno fabrics consists of basic weave and leno fabric weave, so two geometric models need to be built. Drawing upon the intersection points of warp and weft yarns, the geometric model of plain weave warp and weft yarns and the geometric model of the leno fabrics were depicted. The geometric model of warp and weft yarns in plain weave fabrics added three warp points and three weft points at the interlacing point, and the geometric model of the leno fabric, builded upon the geometric model of warp and weft yarns in plain weave fabrics, also added three warp points at the twist point to create a twist warp geometric model. The x-axis and y-axis coordinates of the three warp points and the coordinates of these three warp points were related to the warp distance (g_w) and weft distance (g_h), the z-axis coordinates use the fifth structural phase of the nine structural phase systems, relating to the warp bending wave height (h_j) and weft diameter (d_w). With the help of the THREE.js tool, the 3-D simulation of the jacquard leno fabrics was achieved.

Conclusion Inspired by the structural characteristics of jacquard leno fabrics, a scientific and effective method for weaving diagrams and 3-D simulation is explored and achieved. This method can be applied to the 3-D simulation of various jacquard leno fabrics, so it can promote the design and innovation of jacquard leno fabrics and promote the development of jacquard leno fabrics.

Structural design and craftsmanship implementation of fully shaped shoe body through flat knitting

WANG Jing, DONG Zhijia, ZHENG Fei, HUANG Shoudong, PENG Huitao, WU Guangjun, MA Pibo

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  89-95.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240306201

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Objective To transcend the prevalent knitting techniques for shoe uppers in the current market, a four-needle-bed computerized flat knitting machine is employed in this study for fabric construction. The objective is achieve the 3-D shoe uppers in one operation to eliminate the needs for stitching. This method is anticipated to diminish raw material wastage and streamline the shoemaking process.

Method The design of traditional knitted shoe uppers was delved into in this study through optimizing and designing a new type of knitted shoe structure layout. A four-needle-bed computerized flat knitting machine was utilized, opting to knit the left and right sides of the shoe on the front and back needle beds, respectively. Concurrently, each side is used to knit the exterior and interior structures of the shoe. Distinct stitch structures tailored to the various functional zones of the shoe uppers were incorporated into the design, utilizing four types of yarns, which are polyester multifilament, polyester monofilament, polyester covered spandex yarn, and hot melt yarn. Subsequently, the shoe uppers were placed over a shoe mold of the corresponding sizes and subjected to a heat setting process to set the shoe upper, culminating in the final product.

Results Upon removal from the knitting machine, a comprehensive structure was revealed by the shoe upper, incorporating integrated tongue and sole components without the need for subsequent stitching between the heel and sole, or the lateral sides, thus achieving a seamless, one-piece construction. Increased density and weight were typically exhibited by traditional 2-D flat knitted shoe uppers following a flat heat shrinkage process during shaping. Initially, the fabric dimensions directly off the machine were slightly larger than those of the final shoe upper, necessitating design considerations for the end product's dimensions. Contrastingly, an analysis involving zone sampling across various sections of the new shoe upper, both pre- and post-shaping, was conducted. Measurements of stitch density changes revealed a post-shaping decrease in stitch density and an enlargement of the shoe upper's overall dimensions. Consequently, a size deficit is initially presented by the new shoe upon machine removal. However, following stretching and shaping, the interstitial spaces within the overall stitch expanded, resulting in a lighter construct compared to traditional uppers. A lighter weight was achieved by this innovative approach, ensuring the inclusion of integral sole and tongue components. Furthermore, due to the large surface area of the sole structure, it was not only convenient but also robust when stitching or bonding with rubber soles. In the context of this investigation, the terminal physical representation of the shoe's structure was examined, accompanied by pertinent measurements and analytical data. It was elucidated that the fabric constituting the shoe's sole undergoes extension to conform to the dimensions prescribed by the shoe last mold. This observation result is very important for understanding the adaptability and performance of the shoe body under different forces in the last mold. Therefore, it was found that the tensile force of the shoe body at the head of the shoe last is the largest, which requires a specific structure to withstand.

Conclusion Diverse yarns are employed in this study, implementing a segmented structural approach. A four-needle-bed computerized flat knitting machine is utilized to design and craft a 3-D shoe upper through a one-step knitting forming process that enhances material conservation. Cutting requirements are markedly diminished by this technique, and 3-D integrated forming is facilitated, incorporating the tongue, sole stitch, and a seamless heel. The result is a shoe upper with superior breathability, fit, and reduced weight, offering an innovative perspective on the fabrication of knitted footwear.

Preparation and properties of sound-absorbing composites reinforced with waste corncob

LÜ Lihua, PAN Jiaxin, WU Chenglong

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  96-102.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20231003401

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Objective Under the background of national carbon peak and carbon neutralization, the use of waste corncobs to prepare sound-absorbing composites can not only reduce the greenhouse gases generated by the combustion of waste corncobs, but would also help meet the current carbon peak and carbon neutralization goals, effectively promoting China's green development to a new level.

Method The morphological structure, aggregation structure and macromolecular structure of waste corncob were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and the relationship between its structure and sound absorption performance was clarified. The sound-absorbing composites of waste corncob/polycaprolactone were prepared by hot pressing method using waste corncob as the reinforcement and polycaprolactone as the matrix. The effects of the particle size of waste corncob, the mass fraction of waste corncob, the hot pressing pressure, the hot pressing time, the hot pressing temperature and the thickness of the back air layer on the sound absorption performance were investigated and study its sound absorption mechanism.

Result Corncobs had a hollow structure with undulating surface and irregular connection, which was similar to the hollow tubular structure composed of waist circular sheet structure stacked together. These holes were stacked and interspersed with each other, and the hollow structure would form a pore structure. When the sound wave contacted the sound-absorbing composites, a part of the sound wave would enter the composites, reflect and diffuse in the pores, causing the vibration and friction of the gas, thus converting part of the sound energy into heat energy, so that the sound wave can be absorbed. In addition, due to the low crystallinity of waste corncob, the macromolecules were not closely arranged, the distance between molecules is large and the interaction was weak, and the molecular chain was easy to move. When sound wave were incident, the vibration of molecular chains and bonds would be caused, and the energy of some sound waves would be weakened. When the sound energy acts on the macromolecular structure of the waste corncob, the force between the segments made the sound wave energy attenuate during the propagation process and converted into other forms of energy to achieved the effect of sound absorption. Through single factor experiments, the parameters were optimized, and the average sound absorption coefficient and noise reduction coefficient were used as indicators. when the particle size of waste corncob was 0.1 mm, the mass fraction of waste corncob was 30%, the hot pressing time was 20 min, the hot pressing pressure was 10 MPa, the hot pressing temperature was 130 ℃, and the thickness of the back air layer was 2.0 cm, the average sound absorption coefficient of the corncob/polycaprolactone sound-absorbing composites prepared was 0.50, the noise reduction coefficient can be up to 0.57, the maximum sound absorption coefficient was increased to to 0.82.

Conclusion The use of waste corncob to prepare sound-absorbing materials solves the problem of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by a large number of waste corncobs as garbage burial and incineration, and has good social benefits. At the same time, it provides experimental and theoretical basis for the development of waste corncob/ polycaprolactone sound-absorbing composites, and provides a new idea for the recycling of waste corncob.

Dyeing and Finishing Engineering

Application of choline chloride deep eutectic solvent in degumming and auxiliary bleaching of silk sheets

ZHANG Hui, YANG Haiwei, JIN Xianhua, YANG Chao, WANG Zongqian

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  103-108.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240602301

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Objective Silk is an extremely important natural protein fiber, and degumming is an essential step in silk processing. The conventional degumming method has problems such as long degumming time and high pollution caused by degumming. It is hence necessary to develop a new degumming process so as to improve the degumming efficiency. In this study, the degumming mechanism of silk was analyzed based on the application of choline chloride/oxalic acid dihydrate deep eutectic solvent in the degumming and auxiliary bleaching of silk sheets.

Method Silk sheets were accurately weighed, and were immerged into choline chloride deep eutectic solvents with different concentrations, followed by magnetical stirring at 90 ℃ for 80 min and washing with deionized water and drying to a constant weight. The performance of the degummed silk was tested by the LB-48B fluorescence whiteness meter and the Datacolor 650 color matching instrument, and the best deep eutectic solvent degumming process was screened. The morphology and aggregate structure of the degummed silk were measured by the VHX-970F ultra-depth-of-field microscope system and the D8 ADVANCE X-ray diffractometer. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of sodium carbonate and deep eutectic solvent degummed silk sheets were compared. In order to improve the whiteness of degummed silk with deep eutectic solvent, a mass concentration of 5 g/L hydrogen peroxide was further used to bleach the degummed silk, and the properties of the bleached silk were analyzed.

Results The experimental results showed that the prepared choline chloride/oxalic acid dihydrate deep eutectic solvent had the best degumming effect on silk sheets, with the degumming condition of the degumming rate 24.5% at 90 ℃, 1∶50 and 80 min. Compared with choline chloride/ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent and choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvent, it was neutral and weakly alkaline, which was not conducive to the dissolution and removal of sericin. The apparent viscosity of choline chloride/oxalic acid deep eutectic solvent was larger, and its degumming effect was relatively poor. Compared with the urea and sodium carbonate degumming processes, urea degumming took a long time, while sodium carbonate degumming caused silk fibroin fiber damage failing to achieve the desired degumming effect. The standard deviation of the whiteness value of the degummed silk by the choline chloride/oxalic acid dihydrate deep eutectic solvent was relatively small, indicating that the choline chloride/oxalic acid dihydrate deep eutectic solvent degumming was more uniform, and the breaking strength of sodium carbonate degummed silk was decreased significantly with the increase of tensile force. Based on the swelling and dissolution of deep eutectic solvents, the sericin on the silk surface was removed, and the fiber diameter expanded 1.17 times over the original size. X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analyses revealed that the intensity of the β-fold structure peak of degummed silk was enhanced, the signal of the diffraction peak of silk I. structure was weakened, and the diffraction peak of silk II structure remained unchanged. Furthermore, the reflectivity and whiteness of the degummed silk after bleaching with hydrogen peroxide were improved.

Conclusion Choline chloride/oxalate dihydrate deep eutectic solvent has strong acidity, which has the best degumming effect for silk sheets, optimizes the degumming conditions, shortens the process flow and improves efficiency compared with urea degumming, and sodium carbonate degumming is easy to cause silk damage. Compared with silk sheets, the peak strength of the β-fold structure of degummed silk was enhanced, the signal of the diffraction peak of silk I. structure was weakened, and the diffraction peak of silk II structure was not changed. Due to the excellent swelling and dissolution effect of eutectic solvent, the swelling of silk fibers is promoted and the removal of sericin components is accelerated. At the same time, the effective interaction between fiber and hydrogen peroxide is enhanced, and the whiteness of degummed silk was further improved.

Light fastness of dyed cotton fabrics modified with poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride

ZHAO Qiangqiang, WANG Hanxing, ZHANG Fengxuan, HE Jinxin, ZHOU Jun, ZHOU Zhaochang, DONG Xia

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  109-118.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240800601

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Objective The addition of a large amount of electrolytes during the dyeing process of cotton fabric with reactive dyes can cause environmental pollution. The cationization of cotton fabric is an effective way to realize salt-free dyeing during its reactive dyeing. Compared to small molecule modifiers, cotton fabrics modified with cationic polymers can achieve higher dye uptake and fixation rates at lower dosages. However, some cotton fabrics dyed with cationic-modified dyes exhibit poor light fastness. Therefore, it is essential to study the factors affecting the light fastness of these fabrics to improve their durability.

Method Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB) was selected as cationic modifier for cotton fabric cationization and the fabric was subsequently salt-free dyed with reactive dyes. The study investigated the effects of several factors on the light fastness of the dyed fabrics. These factors included the type and amount of reactive dyes, cationic agents, light intensities, air components and light wavelengths. Light fastness was assessed by color fastness standard and the analysis of fiber cross-sectional photos. In addition, this study examined the effects of anti-solarization fastness agents on improving the light fastness of PHMB-modified and salt-free dyed cotton fabrics. The cotton fabric was modified with small molecule modifiers and salt-free dyed, and its light fastness was assessed and compared with that of PHMB-modified fabric.

Results The light fastness tests on cotton fabrics dyed with three primary color reactive dyes revealed that PHMB-modified and salt-free dyed cotton fabrics exhibited lower light fastness compared with the conventionally dyed fabrics and those fixed with PHMB. This reduction in light fastness was attributed to the difficulty of the large molecule modifier (PHMB) diffusing into the fibers, leading to uneven modification of the cotton fabrics and increased difficulty for reactive dyes to penetrate the fiber interior. All three primary color reactive dyes used were azo dyes, prompting further investigation into the influence of dye chromophore types on the light fastness of the dyed fabrics. It was found that the light fastness of PHMB-modified cotton fabrics dyed with reactive dyes containing chromophores such as phthalocyanine was comparable to that of conventionally dyed fabrics, while the light fastness of fabrics dyed with most types of azo reactive dyes was significantly lower. When the color of the fabric was weak, the dyeing depth had a more pronounced effect on the light fastness of PHMB-modified dyed fabrics than on conventionally dyed fabrics. This result confirmed that the high light fastness of PHMB-modified cotton fabrics dyed with C.I. Reactive Black 5 and C.I. Reactive Blue 21 was related to their higher dyeing depth. The fading of dyed fabrics accelerated with the increase of light intensities. The presence of oxygen increased the fading of dyed fabrics, and both visible and ultraviolet light could cause the fading of dyed fabrics. Methods to improve the light fastness of PHMB-modified dyed fabrics were also explored. Some types of anti-solarization fastness agents could increase the light fastness by 0.5 levels. Reactive dyes were more evenly distributed on cotton fabrics modified with small molecule modifiers (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), leading to high light fastness of the dyed fabrics.

Conclusion The research findings indicate that the light fastness of PHMB-modified and dyed cotton fabrics is related to the distribution of dyes on the fibers and the type of dye used. PHMB-modified cotton fabrics dyed with reactive dyes with high light stability, such as phthalocyanine-containing dyes, exhibit good light fastness. When the color of the fabric is weak, the effect of dyeing depth on PHMB-modified dyed fabrics is more significant than that on conventional dyed fabrics. The fading of PHMB-modified dyed fabrics is faster in the presence of oxygen. And both visible and ultraviolet light can cause the fading of dyed fabrics. The anti-solarization fastness agents can increase the light fastness of some dyed fabrics by 0.5 levels, and fabrics modified with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium choride have higher light fastness after salt-free dyeing, but the amount of cationic agents used is relatively large and the utilization rate is low. Therefore, further improvement is needed in subsequent research.

Color fastness grading of textiles based on color measurement of digital images

LIANG Jinxing, LI Dongsheng, LI Yifan, ZHOU Jing, LUO Hang, CHEN Jia, HU Xinrong

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  119-128.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240707101

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Objective Color fastness grades evaluate how well textiles maintain their colors under different conditions. Traditional visual ratings of textile color fastness can be inconsistent and often vary from the measurements obtained through spectrophotometers, which can lead to discrepancies with human visual perception. To address these challenges, a new image-based color measurement method has been proposed for assessing textile color fastness more accurately. This study aims to create a method for grading textile color fastness by using image-based color measurement technology and BP neural network. It also seeks to enhance the performance of the traditional color difference conversion method for better application in textile color fastness grading. The importance of this research lies in introducing a new technique for digital image-based color measurement, which involves using spectral reconstruction to calibrate the digital camera and colorimetry theory to calculate the color of textile samples. Additionally, the BP neural network is utilized to model the color information difference as input and expert grading results as output.

Method Firstly, three groups of color fastness tested samples were made according to the recommended standards, where a total of 341 sets of staining samples and 125 sets of discoloration samples were produced in the experiment. Among them, the staining samples included 155 sets of rubbing samples and 186 sets of washing samples, and 125 sets of discoloration samples were obtained through exposure experiments. After that, using the self-developed imaging-based color measurement system, the spectral reflectance of samples is obtained by spectral reconstruction technology, and the color information of the sample is then calculated by colorimetry theory under CIED65 illuminant and CIE1964 standard observer color matching functions. Then, through psychophysical experiments, color fastness grading experts were invited to grade all color fastness samples, and the expert grading results of all test samples were obtained. With the color fastness grading results from experts on sample pairs as references, the BP neural network was used to construct a relationship between the color difference of sample pairs and the color fastness grades of experts. Finally, for any new given test sample pair, the constructed BP network was used to predict color fastness grade and compare it with the expert grading results. At the same time, the traditional color difference conversion method for color fastness grading was also optimized by introducing correction strategies and models.

Results The experimental results showed that the prediction root mean square error(RMSE) of the BP neural network method for staining and discoloration samples were 0.38 and 0.41, respectively, which are significantly better than the curve fitting method and the color difference conversion method before correction. The prediction error of the color fastness of the staining samples was found slightly higher than that of the corrected color difference conversion method. In addition, the prediction RMSE of the BP neural network method for friction and soaping samples were 0.30 and 0.27, respectively, and the prediction error was lower than that of the corrected color difference conversion method. Overall, the prediction performance of the corrected color difference conversion method was significantly better than that before correction. The prediction effect of the BP neural network was consistent in general with that of the corrected color difference conversion method, and was significantly better than the curve fitting method.

Conclusion This study has led to the establishment of a color fastness prediction method based on the digital image-based color measurement technology and BP neural network. In addition, an optimization correction strategy is proposed to improve the performance of the color difference conversion method. The effectiveness of the proposed BP neural network method and the optimized color difference conversion method are proved through actual experiments. Compared with the spectrophotometer-based method, the new method is more practical and flexible. The research findings provide useful information for promoting the digital development of textile enterprises and have application value.

2-D image and 3-D model generation method of Badayun patterns based on artificial intelligence generated content technology

MAO Jiayi, SU Miao

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  129-137.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240504501

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Objective Badayun pattern has a long history and contains rich traditional artistic attainments. However, due to the relatively fixed theme and form, its development in the field of modern design is limited. At present, the digital innovation of traditional patterns shows a trend of diversification. This research aims to inherit and activate the formal beauty and cultural meaning of Badayun pattern, and proposes a generation design path based on artificial intelligence-generated content(AIGC) technology to transform the pattern from 2-D image generation to 3-D model transformation, using modern technology to creatively inherit silk culture.

Method Firstly, the development process and artistic style of the Badayun pattern were analyzed, and the data set of its unit pattern was redrawn. Then, on the basis of training the LoRA model, combining with canny edge detection and depth algorithm in controlnet network, the innovation generation of 2-D Badayun pattern was realized on stable diffusion, and the IP-adapter model was used to complete the color style transfer of pattern. The 3-D model conversion of innovative patterns was completed based on 3-D large model Tripo, and the literature record, historical origin and 3-D model of the Badayun pattern to the AR display of fabrics were applied using virtual reality technology.

Results This research facilitated the effect of text to image, image to image, image to 3-D model and 3-D model to AR display, and this method was used to achieve the personalized and intelligent generation of Badayun pattern. In the process of preparing the training set of Badayun pattern, 35 unit structure patterns of 2 400×2 400 pixels were restored in the procreate drawing software, and they were input to the LoRA model training after the normalization of the images. The experimental results showed that in the training process of LoRA model, deepbooru generates labels and processes them manually, which were superior to BLIP labeling processing. In the aspect of traditional theme pattern generation, the XYZ chart finds that the results Epochs=9 training rounds were better than that with lower LOSS version. In the aspect of innovative theme pattern generation, ControlNet assisted the generation of effects to achieve the integration of modern elements. In the aspect of style transfer, when western modern art style brutalism and expressionism painting works were transferred to the Badayun pattern, the generation effect of the IP adapter was better than that of the convolutional neural network VGG-19 network, which offered insights of the elements to be fused, and retained the shape and structure of the Badayun pattern. The selection of random seeds made the generation result diverse. In the aspect of 3-D Badayun pattern generation, three types of 3-D generation models, Tripo, TripoSR, and Meshy, were compared. The results showed that the Tripo model was more suitable for the model generation from a single image to 3-D model from the perspective of texture, geometric structure, and fineness. Finally, the 3-D Badayun pattern was applied to the virtual AR interaction on the fabric based on the Kivicube platform. This intelligent generation path contributes to the continuity of silk culture and the inheritance of silk weaving skills and has important reference significance for the digital innovation generation of other traditional patterns.

Conclusion The pattern generation method based on AIGC technology has achieved the transformation of Badayun patterns from “flat to three-dimensional to scene”. This digital presentation of patterns with the characteristics of the times has promoted the further development of silk pattern design in the field of fashion and technology. With the continuous breakthrough and iteration of artificial intelligence technology, the diversified innovative ways of Badayun patterns have ignited the inheritance fire, making the patterns glow with new vitality. In the future research, multi-modal interaction can be introduced into the application of generating patterns, and sensors can be embedded in the innovative theme Badayun brocade to carry out the design and development of traditional silk pattern theme games with the combination of virtual and real. Connecting history and future through virtual 3-D technology, it expands the application field of traditional patterns, and spreads the beauty of patterns across thousands of years to the world while enriching cultural heritage.

Preparation of octamolybdates complex finishing agents and their ultraviolet protection property for finishing cotton fabrics

HUANG Chunyue, HUANG Xin, DU Haijuan, XU Wenjie, YANG Xuemei, WAN Keyan, LI Xu, GAO Jie

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  138-145.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20231100201

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Objective Octamolybdates (Mo8) exhibit remarkable versatility in terms of size, shape, and other properties, making them widely applicable in various fields such as catalysis, medicine, photochromism, and beyond. Mo8-based composites possess plenty of advantages including structural stability, ease of preparation, excellent abrasion resistance, low cost, and efficient utilization of direct sunlight. These characteristics render them highly promising for applications in photoelectric conversion, photocatalytic oxidation of pollutants, UV protection, and antimicrobial activities. In this study, two types of Mo8-based complexes were constructed and utilized as anti-ultraviolet finishing agents to enhance the UV-resistant performance of cotton fabrics.

Method Two organic cationic compounds were synthesized through the reaction of 1,3-bis(bromomethyl) benzene with electron-donating group (—R). Crystal engineering and self-assembly technology were used to assemble two organic cationic compounds with molybdate under hydrothermal conditions. The constructed molybdenum oxide cluster complexes were processed onto cotton fabrics as anti-ultraviolet finishing agents. According to their structural characteristics and spectral analysis, the cotton fabric was treated by the in-situ synthetic hydrothermal method, and the dosage of the finishing agent was designed to explore the effect of the concentration of the finishing agent on the anti-ultraviolet effect of the cotton fabric. The structure, morphology, thermal stability and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of these two kinds of finishing agents were characterized and tested by X-single crystal diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared(IR) spectrometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric(TG) analyzer, and ultraviolet protection performance tester.

Results X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis showed that finishing agent 1 belonged to the triclinic crystal system, and finishing agent 2 was of the monoclinic crystal system. The smallest asymmetrical unit of both finishing agents consisted of two cations and a classical [β-Mo₈O₂₆]^4- cluster unit. Finishing agent 1 was with [C₂₀H₂₂N₂]²⁺ cation, and finishing agent 2 with [C₁₈H₁₈N₂O₂]²⁺ cation. IR and SEM were used to characterize the chemical structure, morphology and state of the two finishing agents on the fabric. In the solid UV spectrum, both finishing agents exhibited strong absorption peaks and absorption bands in the 200-380 nm ultraviolet range, indicating their potential application in anti-ultraviolet finishing. The TG profiles revealed that both finishing agents demonstrated excellent thermal stability. SEM images of the fabrics treated with the finishing agents showed that finishing agent 1 was successfully deposited onto the fabric but with a relatively low attachment amount, while finishing agent 2 was not only successfully deposited but also evenly distributed on the fabric. Finishing agent 1 achieved a maximum UPF of 75.46 at a dosage of 10% (o.w.f.), whereas finishing agent 2 reached a UPF of 61.98 at the same dosage. After ten times of soap wash, the UPF value of the fabric treated with finishing agent 1 decreased from 75.46 to 24.72, and the UPF value of the fabric finished with finishing agent 2 declined from 61.98 to 44.99.

Conclusion Both finishing agents were successfully prepared, featuring a planar bulk structure, strong absorption in the ultraviolet region, and outstanding thermal stability up to approximately 300 ℃. The two types of Mo8-based finishing agents were used to treat cotton fabrics under the conditions of 10% (o.w.f) and hydrothermal in-situ growth at 130 ℃ for 10 h. The UPF values of finished cotton fabrics could reach 75.46 and 61.98, for agents 1 and 2, respectively. After 10 times soap wash, the UPF value of finishing agent 1 was reduced to 24.72, which still meets the minimum protective standard for sunscreen clothing according to AS/NZS 4399—2017 "Sun protective dothing-evaluation and classification" standard, while the UPF value of finishing agent 2 was dropped to 44.99, satisfying the requirements for anti-ultraviolet products according to GB/T 18830—2009 standard. Conclusively, molybdenum oxide cluster group composites demonstrate significant potential for application in anti-ultraviolet treatments.

Preparation and application of chitosan-modified conductive fabrics in human posture monitoring

DONG Zijing, WU Xinyuan, WANG Ruixia, ZHAO Huaxiang, QIAN Lijiang, YING Chengwei, SUN Runjun

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  146-153.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240406501

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Objective In the actual application process, it is found that the carbon material is easy to agitate on the surface of the fabrics, resulting in the uneven coating of the material on the surface of the fabrics, affecting the sensing performance of the flexible sensor, and greatly limiting the application of such materials. The purpose of this study is to improve the uniformity of carbon conductive filling material on fabrics, improve the sensitivity of strain sensor and develop a sensor for detecting human movement.

Method Carbon black(CB) conductive knitted fabrics modified by chitosan was prepared by an impregnation method using pure cotton knitted fabrics as matrix material. The surface morphology and structure of the samples were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope and Fourier infrared spectroscopy. The tensile strain sensitivity and stability of the samples were measured by a ZH-T0 8-channel resistance measurement module combined with fabrics strength machine.

Results By Fourier infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy testing of the prepared conductive fabric, it can be observed that CB has been deposited on the fabric, and the CS modified material is uniformly deposited. According to the stress-strain curves of the fabric and the conductive fabric during the tensile process, it can be seen that the sample PCKF/CS/CB-4.0 has good mechanical properties. According to the strain-resistance curve of the fabric, the resistance change of the sample PCKF/CS/CB-4.0 can reach 332.37%, and the sensitivity can reach 5.5. Through the stability test of the fabric, it has good resilience and good repeatability. Finally, the application test can meet the needs of human motion monitoring.

Conclusion On the basis of chitosan modified pure cotton knitted fabric, chitosan modified carbon black conductive knitted fabric was prepared. When the modified carbon black content is 4.0%, the maximum resistance change rate of the sample can reach 332.37%, and the sensitivity is 5.5, which is 183.3% and 175% higher than that of the unmodified carbon black at the same concentration. The resistance and resistance change rate of PCKF/CS/CB-4.0 at different temperatures are tested, and the results show that PCKF/CS/CB-4.0 can be used stably over a wide temperature range. Through the stability test of PCKF/CS/CB-4.0, it can be concluded that the conductive fabric not only has good sensitivity, but also has good repeatability and stability. The prepared chitosan modified carbon black pure cotton knitted fabric can be used as a sensor to monitor human motion.

Preparation and properties of superhydrophobic self-cleaning structural color fabrics

ZHAO Xianglu, FANG Yinchun, LI Wei

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  154-161.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240405401

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Objective Functional structural color can not only produce bright colors, but also provide special functions, which has been widely studied in recent years. In this study, polyacrylate binder and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) superhydrophobic finishing agent were used to treat SiO₂ microspheres structural colored fabrics to prepare structural colored fabrics with high color fastness, superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning function. This study is expected to provide experimental basis for the development of structural colored fabrics with bright color, superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning functions.

Method SiO₂ microspheres with different particle sizes were synthesized using Stober method with tetraethyl silicate and ammonia as raw materials by adjusting the amount of solvent anhydrous ethanol. A polyester fabric was pre-treated with polyacrylate (PA) before SiO₂ microspheres were atomized and deposited on the pre-treated polyester fabric to prepare structural colored fabric. Following this, the fabric was treated with PDMS. The effects of SiO₂ microspheres with different particle sizes on the color properties of structural colors were investigated. The hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties of structural colored fabrics were investigated. The colorfastness, air permeability and softness of the structural colored fabrics were also tested.

Results Five types of SiO₂ microspheres with different particle sizes (218, 233, 240, 259 and 301 nm) were synthesized adopting the Stober method. SiO₂ microspheres were assembled into short-range ordered and long-range disordered amorphous photonic crystals on the surface of polyester fabric by atomization deposition to obtain dark blue, blue, dark green, green and pink structural colored fabrics. After PDMS treatment, the position of the reflectance peaks of the five structural colors did not change, indicating that PDMS treatment did not affect the color tone of the structural colors. The reflectance peak of the structural colored fabrics after PDMS treatment was less than 0.97% compared with that before treatment, indicating that PDMS treatment would not have a significant effect on the color of the structural colored fabric. The static contact angle and rolling angle of the structural colored fabric after PDMS treatment reached 152.5°and 6.5°, respectively, indicating that the structural colored fabric after PDMS treatment has excellent superhydrophobic properties. The common liquid droplets in our daily life can maintain the spherical shape on the surface of the structural colored fabric after PDMS treatment, indicating excellent self-cleaning properties of the PDMS treated structural colored fabrics. The reflectance peak of the structural colored fabrics after washing was only 0.35% lower than that before washing. The results showed that the structural colored fabric had good washing fastness. The reflectance peak of the structural colored fabric decreased by only 0.42% after rubbing, and the color of the structural colored fabric did not change significantly, indicating that the structural colored fabric had good rubbing fastness. After PDMS treatment, the air permeability of the structural colored fabric decreased slightly, and the bending length and flexural rigidity increased slightly compared with the original fabric, suggesting that PDMS treatment had little effect on the softness and air permeability of the structural colored fabric.

Conclusion In this study, five types of SiO₂ microspheres with different particle sizes were successfully prepared by adjusting the amount of anhydrous ethanol in the synthesis process. Accordingly, five different structural colors of dark blue, blue, dark green, green and pink were formed on the polyester fabric by atomization deposition method. With the increase of the particle size of SiO₂ microspheres, the color of the structural colored fabric demonstrated a significant red shift. The structural colored fabrics treated with PDMS obtain excellent superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning properties. Due to the introduction of PA binder, the structural colored fabrics gwere endowed with good washing and rubbing colorfastness, whereas the wearability of the treated structural colored fabric was not significantly affected. This study provides an experimental basis for the development of structural colored fabrics with bright colors, superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning functions.

Apparel Engineering

Optimization design method for sports bra using CAD/CAE technology

CHEN Xinwei, GU Bingfei, TIAN Jiali, ZHOU Sifan, LIU Yuxi, LIU Jinling, YICK Kit-lun, SUN Yue

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  162-170.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240905801

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Objective Traditional sports bras often do not adequately meet the unique biomechanical needs of women during physical activities, leading to discomfort and potential health problems. In order to explore the influence of parameter structure on the control performance and pressure comfort of sports bra, to provide consumers with more body-fitting, strong support and comfortable sports bra. Combining computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided engineering (CAE) techniques, a human-sports bra contact model was constructed to evaluate the performance of sports bras with different design parameters from two aspects of control level and contact pressure.

Method The 3-D body scanner was used to capture female chest data to create geometric models of the female breasts, torso, and sports bra. The sports bra outline was established using two-dimensional pattern design and three-dimensional virtual try-on. Specifically, design parameters such as the height of the gore, side band, and back structure were modified in conjunction with CAD methods, and the geometric model of the bra was quickly obtained in the virtual fitting environment. After assemblying using an interference fitting method, simulations were conducted to analyze the displacement of the breast along the Z-axis and the effects of static and dynamic pressure.

Results The 3-D configuration of sports bra and the human body contact model, developed using digital design, was validated through motion capture experiments focused on nipple displacement. The root mean square error (RMSE) were determined to be 5.52 mm (braless condition) and 1.11 mm (wearing sports bra), confirming the model's validity and feasibility. Combining computer aided design(CAD) and computer aided engineering(CAE), five distinct sports underwear models were created by varying three design parameters: the gore height, the side wing height and the back structure. The experimental data indicated that modifying either the structural parameters alone or both the core height and the back structure simultaneously could significantly reduce breast displacement compared to the basic sports bra, with the maximum reduction reaching 1.23%. The overall displacement inhibition effectiveness was ranked as JH_B > CH > B > JH > basic pattern. Regarding contact pressure, it was observed that under both dynamic and static conditions, the shoulder strap exhibited the highest contact pressure, followed by bottom breasts and side under-band regions. Notably, the contact pressure at the bottom breasts (3.32 to 3.71 kPa) exhibited the most significant variation. Compared with changing a single structural parameter (set in this study), the simultaneous change of the U-shaped back structure and the height of the core significantly affected the dynamic contact pressure of the side bottom and the bottom of the breast, and increase the pressure of the bottom and the bottom of the breast. The results showed that the JH_B sports bra model positively impacts the inhibition of displacement and the dynamic and static contact pressure at the bottom breasts. Consequently, altering one structural parameter does not negate the influence of the other. If it is necessary to enhance the control performance of the sports bra, it is recommended to adjust both parameters simultaneously.

Conclusion The innovative method combining CAD and CAE technology method proposed in this paper is capable of analyzing the influence of relevant bra design parameters on breast biomechanical dynamic response during running. By conducting a comparative analysis of breast displacement and dynamic contact pressure across various sports bra structural designs, this approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the functional and ergonomic aspects of sports bra design. Consequently, developers can optimize the design effectively to enhance fit, support, and comfort, thereby improving athletic performance and experience to meet consumer needs and preferences.

Structural design and implementation of whole garment rehabilitation training pants

SHA Sha, DAI Jiali, CHU Guowei, FU Kangyi, LIU Yating, DENG Zhongmin

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  171-178.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240904701

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Objective Rehabilitation training is an essential therapeutic component for patients with lower limb dysfunction and a crucial means of promoting the recovery of mobility. To study and analyze the characteristics of human lower limb rehabilitation training, and finally achieve the effect of stabilizing muscles and joints and alleviating muscle fatigue. Aiming to enhance muscle stabilization and improve training outcomes during rehabilitation, whole garment rehabilitation training pants specifically designed for lower limb rehabilitation were studied and developed.

Method Compression applied by clothing on the surface of the human body has been reported to alleviate muscle fatigue and to stabilize joints. An analysis of human body characteristics and muscle dynamics during rehabilitation activities was conducted to determine the functional requirements for the design of the training pants. According to the different needs of the lower limb area, the targeted design was carried out, and different knitting structures were used to achieve the needs of stabilizing muscles and joints. Utilizing the whole garment technology, the rehabilitation training pants were designed using the TOP2 FAST machine from SANTONI (Shanghai) and were made of nylon and spandex fibers.

Results The training pants feature the functional partitioning design targeting different leg muscle groups, achieving region specific pressure comfort and elastic stretch performance through various knitting structures. Pressure tests and subjective comfort evaluation were conducted. In the pressure tests, the subjects wore training pants to familiarise with the training actions, and the dynamic pressure test in the rehabilitation training actions was performed. The static pressure test at 7 lower limb test points showed a pressure range of 1.34 to 3.66 kPa. The pressure on the knee was the largest, with an average of 3.28 kPa, and the pressure on the front side of the thigh was the smallest, with an average of 1.66 kPa. The test values of the remaining parts were relatively stable, and the test pressure values range from 1.82 kPa to 2.00 kPa. Dynamic tests included three types of rehabilitation movements, where the pressure values at different test points displayed stable changes across different movements. In the static and dynamic experiments, each part can adapt to different training actions to achieve a comfortable pressure range. The rehabilitation training pants performed well in both static and dynamic tests, with pressure thresholds within a comfortable range and adaptability to various rehabilitation exercises. In the subjective comfort evaluation, the subjects evaluated the four indicators which are comfort, stability, sultry feeling and fatigue of the training pants using a 0 to 5 score system with 0 indicating no obvious effect and 5 having a clear sense of effect. The experimental results show that the positive feedback comfort and stability experience are obvious, and when test was stablized, the comfort score was 4.66-4.03 and stability score was 4.90-4.73. The feeling of sultry and fatigue increased with time but still not obvious, with stablized sultry feeling score being 0.53-2.43 and fatigue score 0.00-2.66. Additionally, all tests confirmed that the training pants performance was good in comfort, stability, and muscle fatigue relief, making them comfortable to wear.

Conclusion A tight-fitting and comfortable whole garment rehabilitation training pants were designed and developed for lower limb rehabilitation training. Taking into consideration of the in-depth analysis of the major muscle groups and leg shape of the lower limbs, muscle dynamics and joint needs in rehabilitation training, and whole garment technology, the pants was engineered utilizing appropriate yarn materials and various knitting structures. Testing has verified the effectiveness in meeting the needs of lower limb rehabilitation training, enhancing rehabilitation outcomes, and preventing sports injuries. The whole garment rehabilitation training pants designed in this study not only provide a new type of rehabilitation training equipment for patients with lower limb functional disorders but also offer new rehabilitation training equipment ideas and methods.

Design of smart garment for posture correction

WANG Jun, YIN Xiaoyu, ZHOU Xiaoqi, WANG Siyuan

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  179-186.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240701801

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Objective Prolonged sitting and poor posture are common for people at modern times, causing shoulder and back pain, spinal deformities, muscle strain, and other health issues. Accelerometers are widely used in posture correction wearables due to their portability and accuracy. However, current devices have limitations, including narrow monitoring range, low scientific rigor in evaluation methods, and poor comfort. These issues reduce their effectiveness in dynamic posture correction. Developing better evaluation methods and more efficient smart posture correction clothing is important.

Methods This study was focused on improving posture recognition methods. Young women were selected as the research subjects. Dynamic posture variation patterns were analyzed. A recognition and correction method was proposed leading to the development of smart posture correction garment. Upper body posture data were collected using photography. Trunk inclination, hip joint angle, upper back angle, and lower back angle were chosen as variables. Static data analysis divided the samples into normal and slouched posture groups. Dynamic posture changes were observed and analyzed. A method to identify dynamic postures was developed. Postures were considered normal when the upper back angle was in the range from 12.6° to 20.8° and the lower back angle in the range from 7.6° to 14.6°. Abnormal postures lasting less than 8 s were excluded from slouched postures. The smart garment used MPU6050 accelerometers for dual-point monitoring. Core components included accelerometers, a STM32 board, and buzzers.

Results In the experiment designed to collect dynamically seated posture data, human posture data were collected using photography, with a 1 h continuous measurement cycle. A total of 18 monitoring cycles were collected, resulting in 164 self-adjustment cycles and 649 valid sample data sets. After judgment, 378 sets of normal posture feature angle data and 271 sets of slouched posture data were obtained. The experimental data were analyzed, and combined with previous research, a dynamic posture judgment method suitable for sedentary individuals was derived. The upper back angle threshold for normal posture was [12.6°, 20.8°], and the lower back angle threshold was [7.6°, 14.6°]. An accelerometer was used to monitor the dynamic angles of the posture. An intelligent posture correction garment was designed and manufactured, and testing showed that the posture recognition accuracy of the smart garment was 97.33%, with a correctness rate of 95%, indicating good recognition performance. Wearability evaluations indicated that the participants were generally satisfied, suggesting that the smart posture correction garment has practical value.

Conclusion This study takes young women as the research object. Through the study of dynamic sitting characteristics and the change rule of sitting posture, and the use of acceleration sensors to monitor and analyse the angle of the sitting characteristics, a more accurate range of activity of the dynamic sitting characteristics angle of young women was obtained, and a scientific method of sitting posture recognition was proposed. Combined with this recognition method, an efficient intelligent posture correction garment was developed, and the design and evaluation of the garment was completed. The above research provides a theoretical basis for the posture recognition and evaluation method, and provides an important reference for the commercialisation and promotion of smart posture correction garments and wearable devices. This research can help improve individuals' poor postural behaviour and increase the value of wearable technology in health management. In addition, the study of human posture characteristics is important for solving the back health problems of sedentary people, so the smart posture corrective clothing has a broad market prospect. Modularly designed smart posture corrective clothing must integrate accurate detection, wearing comfort, invisibility and flexibility to adapt to a wider range of users and practical application scenarios.

Finite element analysis on influence of air gap on ballistic performance of body armor

JING Jianwei, HU Yupeng, MA Wangfei, YUAN Zishun, GU Bingfei, XU Wang

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  187-196.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240705201

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Objective Although body armor can block bullet penetration, the wearer can still suffer severe blunt trauma (BATA). There are gaps between the human body and the body armor, which may significantly affect the protective performance of the body armor and reduce the injury to the wearer. This study aims to investigate the impact of gap size on the protective performance of body armor using finite element analysis. This research is crucial for optimizing body armor design, enhancing wearer safety, and providing insights for future developments in protective clothing.

Method This study obtained human upper torso data through 3-D human body scanning to construct a geometric model of the human chest, ribcage, and external soft tissues. Virtual fitting software was used to accurately design body armor, build multi-layer body armor models of different sizes, perform accuracy analysis on the model, and verify the model's accuracy. Finite element analysis was performed using Abaqus/Explicit software. The mesh density at the impact location was adjusted, and impact simulation was performed according to the NIJ 0101.06 standard.

Results Finite element simulations showed significant differences in protective performance of body armor with different gap sizes. From the perspective of human body deformation, with the chest gap increased from 0 mm to 2.3 mm, the width and depth of human body deformation was decreasd by 1.27 times and 1.25 times, respectively, significantly reducing human body deformation. This change was more evident at the waist. Specifically, when the gap at the waist impact increased from 0 mm to 7.1 mm, the width and depth of the human body deformation were decreased by 2.06 times and 3.14 times, respectively. The human body deformation results show that increasing the gap size reduced the degree of human body deformation and the risk of blunt injury. The energy absorption capacity of the body armor and the human body's impact response time showd that when the gap at the chest impact area increases from 0 mm to 2.3 mm, the maximum strain energy absorbed by the body armor was increased by 1.51 times, the human body's impact response time was extended by 6 μs, and the kinetic energy of the bullet at the moment of contact was reduced by 24.3%. When the gap at the waist impact point increased from 0 mm to 7.1 mm, the maximum strain energy absorption of the body armor was increased by 2.69 times, the human body's response time was extended by 29 μs, and the bullet's kinetic energy at the moment of contact was reduced by 78.4%. These results indicate that increasing the gap size could significantly improve the protective performance of body armor and reduce the risk of human injury.

Conclusion The research results show that the air gap between the human body and the body armor provides additional buffer space, allowing the body armor to have more space and time to absorb energy when faced with bullet impact. The bulletproof material can absorb and disperse the impact force more effectively, greatly improving the protective effect of the body armor and reducing the kinetic energy transferred to the human body, thereby reducing the risk of blunt injury. Therefore, the larger the gap, the higher the strain energy absorbed by the body armor, the longer the peak occurs, and the smaller the damage to the human body. It is recommended to consider adding appropriate gaps in the design of body armor to improve practical protection effects. This study also provides a better perspective and scientific basis for designing other protective equipment. Further studies could explore varied materials and real-world testing to validate simulation results and refine protective clothing design.

Machinery & Equipment

Research on tension control system of multi-warp beam let-off mechanism of 3-D fabric loom

ZHANG Jiushang, YANG Tao, ZHOU Yufeng, TIAN Xiufeng, SONG Liang, LIU Chang, LIU Jian, DU Yu

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  197-206.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240405801

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Objective With the continuous development of three-dimensional textile technology, composite materials with three-dimensional fabric as the skeleton are increasingly emerging. The design and manufacture of 3D looms with better performance has become one of the key factors in improving the performance of composite materials reinforced with 3D fabric preforms. In the research and development of three-dimensional loom, the warp tension control is the core of the control in the weaving process, too high tension may lead to yarn breakage, and too small tension will affect the effect of fabric forming. Therefore, it is necessary to study the control of the warp tension of each layer under different yarn path conditions, as well as the corresponding control algorithm. In order to ensure the stability and uniformity of the warp tension.

Method In view of the characteristics of the multi-layer let-off system and the analysis of the main influencing factors of the warp tension, the let-off control system adopts the control concept of distributed control and centralized management, fully considers the requirements of the multi-channel multi-function and fast servo operation function of the control system, designs and adopts the combined PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control) algorithm to realize the constant tension control, uses the direct control method to control the warp feed volume, and proposes a warp beam diameter estimation method for the multi-warp beam structure to ensure sufficient warp feed volume. According to the dynamic tension change, the tension pendulum and the angle sensor are combined to detect the balance position deviation, and the PID algorithm is used to control the tension of the war-off motor rewinding and unwinding speed control system in real time, so that it is in a relatively stable state. The let-off control algorithm is simulated, and the let-off control algorithm is verified and optimized through simulation analysis. Simulation simulates the response of the system under different operating conditions and evaluates the performance of the control algorithm. This process helps to identify potential problems and solve them, improving the stability and reliability of the system.

Results The fluctuation monitoring results of the tension balance pendulum rod of warp beams 1, 6 and 12 during the weaving process show that the tension curve shows a continuous change. At 28 seconds and 32 seconds (the up and down arrows indicate the disturbance of the opening motion), the effect of the opening motion of the heald frame on the tension is the most frequent, showing periodic fluctuations. Due to the different distances between the heald frame and the warp axis of each weft opening, the degree of interference between the rise and fall of the heald frame on the tension pendulum is also different. The maximum observed angle of interference is 0.47°. At 1 min and 20 s, there is a tension fluctuation caused by the beating motion, and after the interference occurs, the main controller uses the speed mode integral separation PID algorithm to quickly control the rewinding and unwinding response of the warp beam 1 motor, so that the pendulum 1 quickly returns to the set position and stabilizes within ±1°. At 1 minute and 30 seconds, there is a tension fluctuation caused by the let-off traction movement, and the basic let-off amount is compensated by the position mode, and the fluctuation of the stable tension pendulum is within ±1°. This shows that the control algorithm has a strong anti-interference ability, and in the face of various motion interferences, each warp axis can respond quickly, adjust the winding and unwinding, and send out a precise basic let-off amount to keep the tension pendulum in a dynamic equilibrium state.

Conclusion Through the analysis of tension fluctuation in the continuous weaving of No. 1, 6 and 12 warp beams, it can be seen that when disturbed, the tension fluctuation of each warp beam is consistent. When the let-off traction is synchronized, the position mode is used to calculate the influence of the tension fluctuation caused by the speed difference and the decrease in the diameter of the warp beam caused by the basic let-off amount to compensate for the speed difference, and control the synchronous movement of all warp beams. After the speed mode integral separation PID algorithm is used to adjust the tension pendulum of each warp beam to receive interference signals such as opening and weft beating, it can quickly and independently adjust each warp beam motor, so that the tension pendulum of each warp beam can be dynamically balanced and maintained near the target value. Therefore, the control system uses EtherCAT fieldbus communication and adopts the combined PID algorithm to carry out real-time synchronous control and independent control of each warp axis, and each warp axis can respond quickly to meet the tension control requirements of the angular loom.

Analysis and optimization of transmission clearance between horn gear and carrier base of rotary circular braiding machine

DU Chengjie, HONG Jianhan, ZHANG Kun, LIANG Kuan, XIE Guoyan, LIANG Xianjun

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  207-214.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240106401

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Objective Rotary circular braiding machine is one of the most popular equipment for the preparation of high performance fiber composite preforms. This research reduces the braiding machine transmission clearance through structural optimization in order to improve the smoothness of the equipment, and to ensure the high quality development of the composite material industry.

Method In this paper, a combination of theoretical calculation, simulation analysis, and experimental verification was used to study the transmission clearance of rotary circular braiding machine. Firstly, linear algebra theory was used to construct a general mathematical model of the transmission clearance between coplanar/non-coplanar horn gears and carrier bases respectively. The mathematical model was then substituted into MatLab software to calculate the theoretical results. Secondly, a finite element model of the transmission clearance of the non-coplanar horn gear was established in ABAQUS software. Finally, the experimental result of transmission clearance was obtained using indirect measurements.

Results Theoretical values of coplanar/non-coplanar horn gear transmission clearance were obtained by substituting circular braiding machine parameters into the mathematical model. According to the theoretical results, it can be seen that during the period from the initial position of the carrier exchange to the complete separation of the carrier seat and the left horn gear, the transmission clearance of the coplanar horn gear has been larger than that of the non-coplanar horn gear. The transmission clearance of coplanar horn gear decreases monotonically with a maximum value of 1.63 mm, which occurs at the initial position, while the transmission clearance of non-coplanar horn gear increases and then decreases with a maximum value of 0.24 mm, which occurs at the arc stage in the carrier exchange. Theoretical model initially demonstrated that the non-coplanar horn gear can significantly reduce transmission clearance. All the data of the carrier base upper surface center and lower surface center in the X-direction component of the combined displacement was extracted, and the difference between the two was the simulation result of the transmission clearance between the non-coplanar horn gear and the carrier base. It can be seen that the maximum value of transmission clearance was 0.25 mm, which was 4.17% different from the maximum value of 0.24 mm obtained by theoretical calculation, and the two curves basically match, proving that the theoretical model was accurate and reliable. Further, the experimental result showed that the maximum value of the transmission clearance between the non-coplanar horn gear and the carrier base was 0.27 mm. The good quality of the preform braided by the braiding machine using non-coplanar horn gears proved that the theoretical model had a certain degree of accuracy and that the non-coplanar horn gear could reduce the clearance and improve the quality of braiding.

Conclusion This research analyzed the mechanism of transmission clearance generated by rotary circular braiding machine with commercially available coplanar horn gears, on the basis of which a non-coplanar horn gear is designed to reduce the transmission clearance. The mathematical models of transmission clearance between coplanar/non-coplanar horn gear and carrier seat were established respectively by using linear algebra theory, and through numerical analysis, it can be seen that the transmission clearance of coplanar horn gear has been larger than that of non-coplanar horn gear throughout the carrier exchange. Through the combination of simulation analysis and experimental verification, the maximum value of the transmission clearance of the non-coplanar horn gear was 0.25 mm and 0.27 mm, respectively, which have small errors with the theoretical calculation, verifying the accuracy of the theoretical model, and proved that the use of the non-coplanar horn gear on the circular braiding machine can effectively reduce the transmission clearance and improve the braiding quality.

Modeling of driving force for pressure plate sewing robot based on flexural deformation

LI Shun, JIA Yanjun, LI Xinrong, FENG Wenqian, WEN Jiaqi

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  215-225.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240801601

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Objective To address the issues of crooked deformation and shear deformation in cut pieces caused by inadequate driving force and platen size, as well as the frequent need to replace the platen during the sewing process where the platen presses against the cut pieces, this study investigates the linear movement of the platen during this sewing process. The aim is to establish relationships between cut piece parameters, driving force size, and platen size, and to subsequently enhance the quality of cut piece sewing.

Method The study employed the energy conservation method to analyze the buckling deformation process of the cut piece, and established models for the minimum driving force and the critical buckling size of the cut piece, based on the nonlinear bending characteristics during buckling. The shear deformation of the cut piece on both sides of the platen was examined and a model was developed to calculate the maximum driving force under critical conditions on both sides. The models were validated through finite-element simulation analysis and experiments.

Results The minimum driving force model presented in this paper provides the minimum force required for the platen to press the cut piece during straight-line sewing without causing bending deformation. The factors influencing this minimum driving force included the initial sharp angle of the sewing needle α, the thickness of the cut piece Z, the proportionality coefficient K, the friction coefficient between the cut piece and the sewing table μ, and the weight of the cut piece m1, all of which were found positively correlated with the minimum driving force. The maximum driving force model offers the maximum driving force value to prevent shear deformation during sewing. It was found that the maximum driving force of the platen was mainly positively correlated with parameters such as the coefficient of friction between yarns μ₂, bending stiffness of the cut piece E_z, width of the yarns w, and the weight of the cut piece m₁. The maximum driving force was negatively correlated with parameters including the length of the yarns PY between two intersections of warp and weft yarns, the width of the single-cell model S, and the angle θ between the shear force F_s and the upward closing force F_l. The critical buckling size model provides a basis for selecting the appropriate platen size. The critical buckling size was mainly positively related to parameters such as the initial sharp angle of the sewing needle α, bending stiffness of the cut piece B, thickness of the cut piece Z, and the angle γ between the moving direction of the platen and the direction of the cut piece's buckling. The critical buckling size was proved to be negatively correlated with the forcing torque M₀, the total mass of the cut piece m₁, and the friction coefficient between the cut piece and the sewing table μ. Finally, by comparing the theoretical data with the data obtained from simulation and experimentation, the correctness of the theoretical data was confirmed, further validating the driving force model and the critical buckling model.

Conclusion The establishment of the driving force model provides a range of driving force values for the platen to press the cut piece during the sewing process, ensuring that the cut piece does not undergo bending deformation or shear deformation. This avoids the deformation issues that arise from inadequate driving force during sewing. The critical buckling size model offers a basis for selecting the appropriate platen size, mitigating problems such as bending deformation and frequent platen replacement due to improper platen size during the sewing process. Compared to traditional empirical methods for selecting driving force and platen size, the development of these models addresses issues related to cropping deformation, wrinkles, and platen size selection in mobile sewing, significantly improving the sewing quality and efficiency of cut pieces.

Comprehensive Review

Research progress in cellulose-based hemostatic materials

FU Fen, WANG Yuhan, DING Kai, ZHAO Fan, LI Chaojing, WANG Lu, ZENG Yongchun, WANG Fujun

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  226-234.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240502102

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Significance Uncontrollable massive bleeding can lead to significant blood loss, which can result in shock, organ failure, and even high mortality rates if the issue is not promptly addressed. Effective bleeding control is a fundamental aspect of medical care, and is crucial in both military and civilian trauma fields, for promoting healing, and maintaining overall health. With increasing surgical procedures and trauma cases, there is a significant demand for advanced hemostatic materials that can control bleeding rapidly and safely. Thus, clinical needs highlight the potential of natural materials like cellulose in developing sustainable and biocompatible medical solutions, aligning with the growing interest in green and environmentally friendly technologies in healthcare.

Progress Cellulose-based hemostatic materials, with complex functional possibilities conferred by multifunctional groups, have become indispensable in modern trauma treatment and surgical procedures. Advancements in hemostatic materials have been driven by the need for effective, biocompatible, and biodegradable solutions in wound care. Recently, researchers have successfully modified cellulose fibers to enhance their hemostatic properties by incorporating bioactive molecules or nanoparticles. These modifications have led to improved blood absorption and clotting capabilities, as well as enhanced biocompatibility. These materials, derived from cellulose or its derivatives, offer a promising alternative to traditional hemostatic agents. One of the most well-known hemostatic materials is oxidized cellulose, which has been used clinically for decades. It functions by absorbing water from blood, concentrating platelets and clotting factors at the site of injury, and promoting the formation of blood clots. Another area of active research is the use of cellulose-based hydrogels for hemostasis. These hydrogels can be designed to adhere to tissues, providing a physical barrier to bleeding while promoting clot formation. They can also be loaded with hemostatic agents or growth factors to enhance their hemostatic efficacy. Notable achievements include the development of nanocellulose-based aerogels that exhibit rapid swelling and high porosity, facilitating efficient blood absorption. These materials have shown promising results in preclinical studies, demonstrating rapid blood clotting and reduced bleeding times compared to traditional methods. These innovations have been validated through in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrating their efficacy and safety. These advancements hold great potential for addressing unmet needs in surgical, trauma, and emergency medicine settings.

Conclusion and Prospect Cellulose-based hemostatic materials have shown great promise in controlling bleeding in various clinical settings. Especially, they have made significant strides, offering potential solutions for uncontrolled bleeding in various clinical scenarios and have laid a solid foundation for future clinical applications. However, challenges such as inflammatory reactions and foreign body responses, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and long-term biocompatibility remain. Future trends suggest a focus on personalized hemostatic solutions and the integration of advanced technologies such as 3D printing and smart materials and biomaterials science, which are expected to play a significant role in the future development of cellulose-based hemostatic materials. Future research should focus on addressing these issues while also exploring the potential of combining cellulose with other biomaterials to create multifunctional hemostatic dressings. In the future, research into hemostatic materials is moving towards the development of more efficient, versatile, and biocompatible materials to address different types of trauma and provide more optimized treatment options.

Application progress in biochars in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment

JIN Rushi, CHEN Wanming, LIU Guojin, LIU Chenghai, QI Dongming, ZHAI Shimin

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  235-243.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240306802

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Significance Biochar materials were pyrolyzed from waste biomass with little or no oxygen. Due to their large specific surface area, controllable porous structure and stable chemical properties, biochar materials have attracted extensive attention from researchers in the field of agricultural soil remediation, greenhouse gas emission reduction, water pollution control and capacitor preparation. The application of biochars deriving from residual biomass in the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment can not only realize the resource utilization of waste biomass, but also decrease the costs of wastewater treatment. At the same time, the waste biomass utilization and the fixing effects for carbon elements can solve the problem of shortage of fossil resources, and help achieve the goal of “carbon neutrality”. The application of biochar in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater fit the idea of green development, which is one of the hot points of current research.

Progress To improve the application performances of biochar in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment, the recent research progress in biochars and their removal mechanism for typical pollutants were reviewed and summarized. The influences of activation-modification process for biochar on the treatment effects and regeneration capacity were discussed. Moreover, to the existing problems (such as the wide difference between biochars, poor pertinence of biochar for typical pollutants in printing and dyeing wastewater, and difficult regeneration of biochar after adsorption), the strategies such as establishing standard for biochar products, modifying biochar through functional group and pore structure, and developing composite biochar materials with adsorption-desorption ability were proposed in this paper.

Conclusion and Prospect The application of biochar prepared from waste biomass in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater, as a beneficial supplement to activated carbon, is beneficial for the environmental protection. However, some key problems still persist, such as the wide difference between biochars, poor pertinence of biochar for typical pollutants in printing and dyeing wastewater, and difficult regeneration of biochar after adsorption. How to regulate the adsorption properties of biochars and to achieve low-cost regeneration of biochar after adsorption are the key problems chanllenging large-scale application of biochar in wastewater treatment. From this review, it is hoped to improve the foundamental understanding for application and research of biochar materials in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment.

Progress and trends in application of smart clothing for elderly population

YAN Yi, ZHU Dahui

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  244-254.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20241003202

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Significance A systematic literature review was conducted in this study to understand the current status and emerging trends in smart clothing for the elderly, addressing the critical challenges an aging population poses. By reviewing the technological advances and performance evaluations over the past ten years, the review aims to focus on the key technological breakthroughs of smart clothing in various topics and to focus on the needs of the elderly population when building the evaluation system, with emphasis on the potential for smart clothing to enhance the quality of life for older adults, responding to elderly people's growing demand for technologies that promote independence, health monitoring, and safety. For the aging population, smart clothing is essential in terms of providing solutions that enhance both physical well-being and overall safety.

Progress In this review, a systematic literature review method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, PRISMA) was used to select articles in the field of smart clothing for the elderly over the past decade. 44 papers were included for in-depth analysis to identify the major research topics and evaluation perspectives. This review explored technological innovations and emerging trends in smart clothing for the elderly by focusing on four key topics, i.e., health monitoring, assistive empowerment, safety protection, and wellness care. These topics represent the most pressing concerns for elderly individuals, particularly in terms of maintaining independence, safety, and comfort in their daily lives. By focusing on key breakthrough technologies within the key topics, this review provided targeted solutions for each of topics, thus further demonstrating the potential of smart clothing in supporting elderly living. To address the challenges posed by the multifunctionality of smart clothing and the absence of standardized evaluation criteria in this rapidly evolving field, this review developed a comprehensive performance evaluation system through an in-depth analysis of current evaluation perspectives. The system was designed to assess smart clothing based on four dimensions, which are the functionality, user experience, economic value, and sustainability. Functionality refers to how well the clothing performs its intended tasks, such as monitoring vital signs or detecting falls. User experience emphasizes the comfort, ease of use, and overall satisfaction of elderly users, which is crucial for adoption. Economic value involves assessing the cost-effectiveness and market feasibility of these innovations, while sustainability considers the environmental and long-term impacts of materials and design choices. The review placed particular emphasis on the importance of user-centered design, ensuring that smart clothing not only incorporates advanced technology but also remains accessible and intuitive for elderly users. This group faces many unique challenges-such as reduced mobility, sensory impairments, and varying degrees of technological literacy. By integrating cutting-edge technology with thoughtful, user-centered design, the literature analysis underscored the potential of smart clothing to enhance safety, promote health, and increase autonomy for older adults.

Conclusion and Prospect This review identifies significant technological breakthroughs and trends in five key topics of elderly smart clothing. (1) Health monitoring: Advances in precision sensors for smart health-monitoring garments are rapidly evolving, yet issues related to comfort and accuracy still require attention. (2) Assistive empowerment: Technologies that assist in improving lower limb functionality are being integrated into smart garments, but further refinements are needed in terms of system integration and user experience; GPS-based smart garments for wandering prevention are promising, yet improvements in location accuracy and reliability remain to be necessary. (3) Safety protection: Smart garments equipped with sensors and algorithms for fall detection show potential, though further research is needed to enhance the comfort and cost-effectiveness of cushioning materials. (4) Wellness care: Smart clothing offering personalized temperature control has made progress, but there is room for improvement in terms of response thermal comfort. (5) The integration of multiple functionalities is becoming a crucial trend in the development of smart clothing for the elderly, and health monitoring and wandering prevention have been widely adopted and are now seeing initial integration in elderly smart clothing. Future research should focus on increasing the integration of other functionalities, providing elderly users with comprehensive health and safety support. While considerable progress has been made in areas such as functionality, user experience, economic value, and sustainability, numerous challenges persist. These include the need for more representative test participants, broader data collection, and a stronger emphasis on catering to the diverse and personalized needs of elderly users. Moreover, the high costs and maintenance expenses of these products limit their market competitiveness. Finally, the lack of a unified standard for sustainability evaluation underscores the need for future research in areas such as material selection, structural design, and energy efficiency. Addressing these aspects is critical to optimizing the design and production of smart clothing for the elderly, ensuring that these products are both affordable and sustainable in the long run.

Research progress in the applications of N-halamine antibacterial agents and their modified fibers

GUO Jieyan, XU Yingwen, DING Fang, REN Xuehong

Journal of Textile Research. 2025, 46(04):  255-263.  doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20240805502

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Significance Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses can grow rapidly on fibrous carriers under suitable temperature and humidity conditions, which not only shortens the service life of textile materials, but also poses a fatal threat to human health. Therefore, the development of textile materials with effective antibacterial properties is crucial for public safety. Antibacterial textiles can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms and protect human health by reducing the risk of disease caused by pathogenic virus transmission. Several types of antibacterial agents have been developed, such as quaternary ammonium salts, chitosan, polyguanidine, metal ions/compounds and N-halamine compounds. Among these, N-halamine antibacterial agents have been widely used due to their excellent efficacy, broad-spectrum, long-lasting antibacterial properties as well as unique regenerability. The halogens in the N-X bond (X representing Cl, Br, I) in the N-halamine compounds can release bactericidal ions with oxidising properties to kill microorganisms.

Progress Herein, the structure, characteristics and antibacterial mechanism of N-halamine antibacterial agents were briefly described. N-halamine antibacterial agents are compounds that contain N-X covalent bonds in their structure, which are oxidised from N-H bonds by sodium hypochlorite and then endowed with antibacterial effect. The structure of N-halamine amines can be divided into chloramines, bromamines and iodamines according to the different halogen atoms, and divided into amines, amides and imides according to the different nitrogen compounds, respectively. The inactivation mechanism of N-halamine antibacterial agents can be classified into contact killing, release killing and transfer killing. Meanwhile, the preparation of N-halamine antibacterial materials were reviewed, which was based on the surface modification technology and co-modification technology, respectively. The surface modification technology included pad-dry-cure, grafting and coating, and the co-modification technology included electrostatic spinning, sol-gel and 3D printing technology. N-halamine compounds can be applied to various substrates through chemical modification and N-halamine antibacterial agents are under rapid development and are widely used in a variety of applications. The applications of N-halamine antibacterial materials in the fields of antibacterial textiles, water treatment, medical materials, food packaging and air filtration were described, with the prospect of further applications in the future.

Conclusion and Prospect With the growing concern for public health and the environment, the demand for antibacterial agents and safe materials is increasing. N-halamine antibacterial agents have been widely used due to their good stability, remarkable regenerability, broad-spectrum and efficient antibacterial properties, which play an important role in promoting the development of antibacterial materials. However, the N—Cl bonds in N-halamine compounds are tend to degradation under UV light, which can lead to problems such as aging and degradation of antibacterial materials. N-halamine antibacterials contain chemicals that may pose toxicity risks if used in excess, which may also have a negative impact on the ecosystem. The manufacturing process of antibacterial agents is also complicated and costly. Therefore, the research and development of new N-halamine antibacterial agents that are friendly to the environment and human body and have good compatibility with materials, is one of the directions for future development of N-halamine antibacterial agents. At present, the development of N-halamine antibacterial agents is still in progress, and its in-depth study is of great significance.